
Class_fSZ2j!bn 
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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 







HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 



THE 

SONG OF HIAWATHA 



BY 



HENRY W. LONGFELLOW 



WITH BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION 
NOTES AND APPENDIX 

By henry KETCHAM 



NEW YORK 
A. L. BURT. PUBLISHER 



U, 



64440 



11348 



Library of Congrese 

Two CepiES I^ECEiveo 
JUN 27 1900 

Copyright i\*ry 

SEt«N« COPY. 

De»tveft4 tf 

•KOER DIVISION, 

JUN 29 1900 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Biographical Introduction v 

Author's Introduction 1 

I. The Peace-Pipe 7 

II. The Four Winds 15 

III. Hiawatha's Childhood 29 

IV. Hiawatha and Mudjekeewis 40 

V. Hiawatha's Fasting 54 

VI. Hiawatha's Friends 67 

VII. Hiawatha's Sailing 75 

VIII. Hiawatha's Fishing 82 

IX. Hiawatha and the Pearl-Feather 93 

' X. Hiawatha's Wooing 106 

XI. Hiawatha's Wedding-Feast 119 

XII. The Son of the Evening Star 130 

XIII. Blessing the Corn-Fields 148 

XIV. Picture- Writing 160 

XV. Hiawatha's Lamentation 168 

XVI. Pau-Puk-Keewis 178 

XVII. The Hunting of Pau-Puk-Keewis 190 

XVIII, The Death of Kwasind 207 

iii 



iv CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER PAGE 

XIX. The Ghosts 213 

XX. The Famine 223 

XXI. The White Man's Foot 231 

XXII. Hiawatha's Departure 241 



Glossary 253 

Appendix 255 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Only the circumstance that Longfellow lived 
after Irving instead of before him prevented his 
becoming, in at least one sense, the first American 
man of letters. Irving, who was the first to win a 
transatlantic reputation, was essentially a man of 
letters; Hawthorne had much of the poet in his 
intellectual character, though he wrote only in 
prose; Longfellow was distinctly a poet, a fact that 
is plainly discernible in " Hyperion " and " Outre- 
Mer," as well as in " Evangeline '' and "Hiawatha.^' 
In him the reputation established by Irving and 
sustained by Hawthorne suffered no dimming. 
There is no one American author whose genius 
towers conspicuously above all others, but Long- 
fellow, by the nobility of his thought and the per- 
fection of his form, whether he wrote in verse or 
in prose, easily holds a place among the greatest. 
One of his characteristics is poetic maturity. Any 
collection of his best poems would include some- 
thing that was written in his teens and something 
that was v/ritten after he was seventy years old. 
There was certainly growth in his boyhood and 



Vll 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



youth, but there were no evidences of decay i.^ 
his old age. His early work was mature but not 
precocious, and his later work is simple but not 
childish. 

Like most people, especially those of talent or 
genius, his work and his interest in it were not 
absolutely even, but were subject to a tidal ebb and 
flow. Thus we find him at the age of twenty-two 
writing from Germany, " My poetic career is 
finished." He was mistaken. He was born a poet 
and such he remained to his last year. Again 
when he was about forty-five years of age, he 
feared he would write no more poetry. But he was 
soon at work with new subjects, treating them 
with undiminished grace. To his native talent he 
added habits of industry, regularity of life and of 
work, patience in revision: and the result is a large 
collection of poems every line of which reflects 
credit on the author. 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born at Port- 
land, Maine, Feb. 27, 1807. He was a descendant 
of William Longfellow of Hampshire^ England, 
who emigrated to this country and settled in New- 
bury, Mass., in 1676. On his mother's side he was 
a lineal descendant of John Alden and Priscilla, 
of Mayflower fame, and whom he charmingly cele- 
brated in his poem, " The Courtship of Miles 
Standish." His father, a lawyer, was a graduate of 
Harvard and an intimate friend of Channing, and 
his mother was a daughter of Gen. Peleg Wads- 
worth. Thus Henry was not only entitled to an 
'^aristocracy of brains," but his childhood was 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Vli 

passed amid influences of the finest intelleetua] 
and social culture. His first lines, written at tha 
age of thirteen, he had the pleasure of seeing in 
print in a local paper, and the anguish of hearing 
severely criticised. During his college life he pub- 
lished some poems, and it is in keeping with his 
character that his first receipts were invested in 
the complete works of Chatterton. 

At the age of fourteen he entered Bowdoin Col- 
lege, from which he was graduated in 1825. Haw- 
thorne was a classmate, and though the two were 
not intimate in college, yet they became fast 
friends in after-lifc', when both had successfully 
entered the field of literature. The basis of their 
friendship seems to have been the mutual and gen- 
erous appreciation of the literary triumphs of 
each, and tliis friendship continued until the 
death of Hawthorne in 1864, and v^^as placed in 
permanent remembrance by Longfellow's beautiful 
poem, " Hawthorne." This friendship is deserving 
of mention, not merely because of the striking 
talent of the two men, but specifically because the 
theme of "Evangeline'' was first given to Haw- 
thorne and he generously passed it over to his 
friend, believing that the latter would be able" to 
give it a more perfect treatment. 

After graduation he began the study of the law, 
not because he was satisfied with that, but because 
it was the least unsatisfactory within his reach at 
that time. Soon the trustees of Bowdoin made 
him an informal offer of the Professorship of Mod- 
ern Languages. He at once went to Europe to fit 



Viu BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

himself for these duties. More than three years 
he devoted to close study in France, Spain, Italy, 
Germany, Holland, and England. After a term of 
successful, not to say eminent, service in his alma 
mater he was, in 1835, elected Professor of Belles- 
Lettres in Harvard College. 

This was the occasion of a second trip to Europe, 
when he spent his time mostly in Denmark and 
Sweden, Holland and Germany, Switzerland and 
the Tyrol. It was at this time that his wife, whom 
he had married four years previously, died in Rot- 
terdam. Her memory he later enshrined in " Foot- 
steps of Angels " : 

" The Being Beauteous, 
Who unto my youth was given, 
More than all things else to love me; 
And is now a saint in heaven." 

In 1837 Longfellow took up his residence in 
Camhridge, living, first as lodger and afterwards 
as owner, in the historic " Craigie House," cele- 
brated as the residence of George Washington and 
later as that of various eminent and scholarly men. 
In this house he passed nearly a half-century, and 
for more than a generation it has been inseparably 
associated with his name. In 1842 he married 
Miss Frances Appleton, whose father purchased 
for him the house and the neighboring grounds. 
After nine years of married life she died a tragic 
death. Her light summer clothing accidentally 
caught fire and she was burned, dying from the 
burns and the shock. Eighteen years later he 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. IX 

wrote " The Cross of Snow," but showed the lines 
to no one, — they were found in his portfolio after 
his death: 

" Such is the cross I wear upon my breast 
These eighteen years, through all the changing scenes 
And seasons, changeless since the day she died." 

This leads to the remark that not a few of his 
poems are in a sense autobiographical, — at least 
they grew directly out of his own experience. 
Among this number may be mentioned: " To the 
Eiver Charles,'' '' The Children's Hour," " Resig- 
nation," " r he Open Window." This list might 
be lengthened indefinitely. The exquisite poem, 
" The Two Angels," was written upon the birth of 
his daughter and the death of the wife of James 
Russell Lowell. 

In 1854, after holding his professorship in Har- 
vard for nearly twenty years, he resigned to give 
his entire time to literary production. The duties 
of his professorship were not light, and to these 
he had added the labors of authorship, so that for 
some years his labors were irksome and he surely 
earned the luxury of literary leisure. The succeed- 
ing years, however, show that he was not idle, for 
much of his work and some of his best work, in- 
cluding " Hiawatha," " Evangeline," and ^^ Tales 
of a Wayside Inn," were the fruit of his " leisure." 

Though he was never a man of wealth, he was 
at all times possessed of a competency, so that h© 
never suffered from poverty nor was he driven to 
uncongenial work. His success was continuous, 



X BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

so that lie was always aLle to gratify his taste for 
art, music, the drama, travel, and chiefly for " the 
divine art of hospitality," which he so generously 
and gracefully dispensed. From the middle of his 
life to its close his Craigie House was the Mecca 
of a continually increasing stream of pilgrims, in- 
cluding all sorts and conditions of men, from the 
learned to the mere sight-seer, coming from both 
continents, to do him honor. Thus he spent his 
last years in receiving homage and dispensing 
truth, beauty, and goodness until his death, March 
24, 1882. 

One element of his poetry which is evident to 
even the most cursory reader is the tone of deep 
religious emotion which pervades it all. So early 
as his inaugural at Bowdoin he said: " It is this 
religious feeling, — this changing of the finite for 
the infinite', this constant grasping after the in- 
visible things of another and a higher w^orld, — 
which makes the spirit of modern literature." 
Towards this ideal he steadily worked through a 
long and active life. To those poeans which 
merely breathe the spirit of Christian piety may 
be added a large number which are religious in 
form. A volume of considerable size could be 
culled under some such title as " Poems of Sorrow 
and Comfort." Special mention may be made of 
those which touch the subject of death, including 
" The Reaper and the Flowers," '' Two^ Angels," 
" Eesignation," " Auf Wiedersehen," and a host of 
others not less devout. 

The reader observes also the absence of the wit 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. XI 

and humor which is almost universal in poets. 
While Longfellow was always cheerful, he was 
never droll. 

It is to be noted that his lyrics are genuine 
lyrics, — that is tO' say, they can be sung. Many of 
them have been set to music and have been cor- 
dially received both in parlors and in concerts. 
Among these may be mentioned " The Day is 
Done," " The Arrow and the Song," " Daybreak," 
"The Bridge," "Good-night, Beloved," and 
« Stars of a Summer Night." 

To the present writer it seems as if Longfellow 
will hold a permanent place in literature. Haw- 
thorne, who was surely a good judge, wrote: "I 
read your poems over and over, and over again, 
and continue to read them at all my leisure hours; 
and they grow upon me at every re-perusal." 

The perspicacity of his style is by some con- 
sidered a fault and by others a virtue. His mean- 
ing is expressed with absolute clearness. There is 
no more doubt as to what he intended to say than 
there is of the Ten Commandments or the Beati- 
tudes. His meaning is so plain that the reader 
misses the intellectual gymnastics required to dis- 
cover the poet's thought. The poet does all the 
work, leaving none for the reader. If this be a 
fault, it is shared by Wordsworth, Byron, and 
Bums. 

It is not easy to classify Longfellow^s poetry, 
including, as it does, so wide a range of subject 
and of treatment. There are dramas, lyrics, narra- 
tives, and, not least, translations. His subjects are 



xu BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

drawn from France, Spain, Scandinavia, Italy, and 
the Great West. All these widely different subjects 
are, with astonishing equality, treated delicately, 
beautifully, and with refinement. He exhibits '^ a 
soul clothed with human affections and divine 
aspirations." He was a good, pure, true man, and 
he gave the best that was in him. 

Where all is wrought out with so much care, it 
is not easy to name his best poem, or to give a list 
of what may be called his best poems, for there are 
dozens of them any one of which would cause his 
name long to be held in loving remembrance, had 
he written no other. But the one which will al- 
ways be very closely linked to his fame is '^Evange- 
line." The outline of this poem is the separa- 
tion of two lovers and the long search of the hero- 
ine for her betrothed. The lovers have grown up 
from childhood in their simple, unaffected, affec- 
tionate life in Acadia until the deportation by the- 
British, when they are separated. Evangeline 
starts on a pilgrimage of search for Gabriel which 
takes her through the South and the West. At last 
in old age, she finds him dying in a hospital in 
Philadelphia and ministers to him in his last 
hours. The pathetic story is narrated with pro- 
found sympathy, and the descriptions of natural 
scenery which are frequently introduced are beau- 
tiful in the last degree. The poem cannot be criti- 
cised, it can only be admired. Emerson confessed 
to a tear on reading it. Dr. S. G. Howe wrote to 
the author: "You feed five times five thousand 
souls with spiritual food which makes them for- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. xiit 

ever better and stronger. ... I can [but] admire 
the instructive story, the sublime moral, the- true 
poetry, which it contains. Patience, forbearance, 
long-suffering, love, faith, — ^these are the things 
which ^Evangeline' teaches." Hawthorne wrote: 
" I have read ' Evangeline ' with more pleasure 
than it would be decorous to express." 

The verse chosen is hexameter. At that time it 
was a dictum of critics that that measure, while 
perfect for Greek and Latin, was unsuitable for the 
English language. Longfellow chose the form de- 
liberately and never doubted the wisdom of it. 
With very few exceptions the critics agreed with, 
him — in this particular case. Lowell's judgment, 
both of the verse and the thought, will doubtless 
be final: 

" 'Tis truth that I speak. 
Had Theocritus written in English, not Greek, 
I believe that his exquisite sense would scarce change a 

line 
In that rare, tender, virgin-like pastoral, Evangeline. 
That's not ancient nor modern, its place is apart 
Where time has no sway, in the realm of pure Art. 
'Tis a shrine of retreat from Earth's hubbub and strife, 
As quiet and chaste as the author's own life." 

Pressing close to " Evangeline " in popularity, 
at least, is the " Song of Hiawatha." This em- 
bodies certain legends of the Indian race. It is 
not a copy of Indian life, it is an idealization of 
the best of that race which is so rapidly disappear- 
ing. From a note by the author we iearn that the 
foundation of this epic is the tradition of Hia- 
watha, a person of miraculous birth, who was sent 



XIV BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

among them to clear their rivers, forests, and fish- 
ing grounds, and to teach them the arts of peace. 
Into this tradition the author wove other curious 
legends. The scene of the poem is on the southern 
shore of Lake Superior, in the region between the 
Pictured Rocks and the Grand Sable. The narra- 
tive is fascinating, and the fidelity with which it 
portrays the mythology and customs of the people 
with whom it deals is fully attested by Mr. 
Schoolcraft, who is the standard authority on the 
subject. 

The " Tales of a Wayside Inn " is a series of 
narrative poems supposed to be told by a company 
of men w^ho met at the old Sudbury Inn, the tales 
being introduced by a prelude and connected by 
interludes. 

" The Courtship of Miles Standish " is a picture 
of Puritan days, not less fascinating than the 
cadences of " Hiawatha." The story of the love 
of John Alden and the beautiful Priscilla is told 
with every grace of poetry, but not sacrificing 
fidelity to truth. 

"The Building of the Ship," modeled after 
Schiller's " Lay of the Bell," is charming in its 
conception and perfect in its details. It leads up 
to the climax, which is a clarion ring of patriot- 
ism: 

" Thou, too, sail on, Ship of State, 
Sail on, O Union, strong and great! " 

The dramas, including " The Spanish Student," 
" Michael Angelo," and a trilogy, "Christus/' fill 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. XV 

the greatest bulk of any one class of Longfellow's 
poems, but they are not his greatest works in any 
other sense. They are dramatic in form and in 
name, but not in fact, because, while they are good 
poetry, they are lacking in the action which is 
essential to the drama. 

His translations are noteworthy. Not to men- 
tion the large number of brief poems, the .transla- 
tion of Dante's " Divine Comedy " is a monumen- 
tal work, quite enough in itself to establish the 
reputation of one scholar and poet. 

During the closing years of his life, after nearly 
all of his intimate friends had died, he felt the 
loneliness of his situation,— despite the unparal- 
leled and affectionate honors which he contin- 
ually received,— and this fact is made apparent in 
his verse. At the fiftieth anniversary of his grad- 
uation he returned to Bowdoin College as poet. 
His subject, Morituri Salutarnus, was taken from 
the words of the gladiator who, upon entering the 
arena, made his obeisance to the emperor in the 
words, " C^sar, we who are about to die salute 
thee." In a different spirit, but in the same w^ords, 
the poet, nearly seventy years of age, saluted the 
college, the scenes of his youth, the instructors, 
the younger generation of scholars. 

The last collection of his poems bore the sig- 
nificant title of '' Ultima Thule," suggesting the 
last resting-place of land before the ocean of 
eternity. However, it was in him to work and he 
could not rest in idleness. His very last verses 
were still more prophetic. These were ''The 



XVI BIOORAPHIGAL 8KETCH. 

Bells of San Bias/' and ended with the following 
lines : 

" Out of the shadow of night 
The world moves into light; 
It is daybreak everywhere! " 

Longfellow was a noble type of the cultivated 
scholar, the polished gentleman, the sterling 
patriot, and the generous host. As was fitting, 
the honors which came to him through a long life 
accumulated during his last years. His books 
found a place not only in the libraries of scholars, 
but equally in the homes of the common people. 
For many years there was a stream of pilgrims to 
Craigie House, including both famous and plain 
people, not only Americans but also Europeans. 
Among the latter his biographer mentions the fol- 
lowing names: Hughes, Froude, Trollope, Wilkie 
Collins, William Black, Kingsley, Professor 
Bonamy Price, Dr. Plumptre, Dean Sianley, Lord 
Houghton, Lord and Lady Dufferin, the Duke of 
Argyll, Coquerel, Salvini, Christine Nilsson, and 
Madame Titjens. To these may be added Dom 
Pedro, emperor of Brazil. When he was last in 
England he was honored by Queen Victoria, the 
Prince of Wales, and Gladstone, — which meant 
the entire English people. He was decorated by 
both the great universities of Oxford and Cam- 
bridge. 

But an honor which was certainly not less than 
that of royalty and the universities was found in 
the devotion of the school children of the neigh- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. xvu 

borhood: When "the spreading chestnut-tree/' 
under which the village smithy stood, was cut 
down, seveD hundred children contributed their 
dimes to have a library chair made from this for 
the poet. The chair was placed in his library on 
his seventy-second birthday. After this large 
numbers of public schools, not only in New Eng- 
land but equally in distant parts of the land, be- 
gan the practice of celebrating his birthday by re- 
citing selections from his poems, and by biographi- 
cal essays. The zest with which the children car- 
ried out these plans everywhere attested the sin- 
cerity of their homage. 

The highest honor England confers on her illus- 
trious dead is a memorial in Westminster Abbey. 
This honor had been extended across the sea to 
Longfellow, to whom a memorial bust was placed 
in the famous Poets' Corner. His life was passed 
without a stain, and his verse is without a flaw. 
" He wrote no line which dying he would wish to 
blot, lor which living he might not justly be ■'proud 

Henry Ketcham. 



THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 



INTRODUCTION. 

Should you ask me, whence these stories ? 
Whence these legends and traditions, 
With the odors of the forest, 
With the dew and damp of meadows. 
With the curling smoke of wigwams, 
With the rushing of great rivers, 
With their frequent repetitions, 
And their wild reverberations, 
As of thunder in the mountains ? 

I should answer, I should tell you : — 
" From the forests and the prairies, 
From the great lakes' of the ]^orthland. 
From the land of the O jib ways, 

1 The chain of lakes from Superior to Ontario. 
1 



THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

From the land of the Dacotahs, 

From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands. 

Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 

Feeds among the reeds and rushes. 

I repeat them as I heard them 

From the lips of Nawadaha, 

The musician, the sweet singer." 

Should you ask where Nawadaha 
Found these songs, so wild and wayward, 
Found these legends and traditions, 
I should answer, I should tell you : — 
" In the bird's-nests of the forest, 
In the lodges of the beaver. 
In the hoof-prints of the bison, 
In the eyry of the eagle ! 

" All the wild-fowl sang them to him, 
In the moorlands and the fen-lands, 
In the melancholy marshes ; 
Chetowaik, the plover, sang them, 
Mahng, the loon, the wild goose, Wawa, 
The blue heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
And the grouse, the Mushkodasa ! " 

If still further you should ask me. 
Saying, " "Who was NaAvadaha ? 



INTRODUCTION. 3 

Tell US of this Nawadaha," 
I should answer your inquiries 
Straightway in such words as follow. 

" In the Yale of Tawasentha,^ 
In the green and silent valley, 
By the pleasant water-courses, 
Dwelt the singer Nawadaha. 
Eound about the Indian village 
Spread the meadows and the corn-fields. 
And beyond them stood the forest, 
Stood the groves of singing pine-trees, 
Green in Summer, white in Winter, 
Ever sighing, ever singing. 

" And the pleasant water-courses, 
You could trace them through the valley, 
By the rushing in the Spring-time, 
By the alders in the Summer, 
By the white fog in the Autumn, 
By the black line in the Winter ; 
And beside them dwelt the singer. 
In the Yale of Tawasentha, 
In the green and silent valley. 

^A creek now called Norman's Kill, running into the 
Hudson River, four miles below Albany, N. Y. 



THE song' of HIAWATHA. 

" There he sang of Hiawatha, 
Sang the song of Hiawatha, 
Sang his wondrous birth and being, 
How he prayed and how he fasted, 
How he lived, and toiled, and suffered. 
That the tribes of men might prosper. 
That he might advance his people ! " 

Ye who love the haunts of Nature, 
Love the sunshine of the meadow. 
Love the shadow of the forest. 
Love the wind among the branches, 
And the rain-shower and the snow-storm. 
And the rushing of great rivers 
Through their palisades of pine-trees, 
And the thunder in the mountains. 
Whose innumerable echoes 
Flap like eagles in their eyries ; — 
Listen to these wild traditions. 
To this Song of Hiawatha ! 

Ye who love a nation's legends. 
Love the ballads of a people, 
That like voices from afar off 
Call to us to pause and listen, 
Speak in tones so plain and childlike, 



INTRODUCTION. 

Scarcely can the ear distinguish 
Whether they are sung or spoken ; — 
Listen to this Indian Legend, 
To this Song of Hiawatha ! 

Ye whose hearts are fresh and simple, 
Who have faith in God and Nature, 
Who believe, that in all ages 
Every human heart is human. 
That in even savage bosoms 
There are longings, yearnings, strivings 
For the good they comprehend not, 
That the feeble hands and helpless, 
Groping blindly in the darkness. 
Touch God's right hand in that darkness 
And are lifted up and strengthened ; — 
Listen to this simple story. 
To this Song of Hiawatha ! 

Ye, who sometimes, in your rambles 
Through the green lanes of the country, 
Where the tangled barberry-bushes 
Hang their tufts of crimson berries 
Over stone walls gray with mosses, 
Pause by some neglected graveyard, 
For a while to muse, and ponder 



THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

On a half -effaced inscription, 
"Written with little skill of song-craft, 
Homely phrases, but each letter 
Full of hope and yet of heart-break, 
Full of all the tender pathos 
Of the Here and the Hereafter ; — 
Stay and read this rude inscription, 
Kead this Song of Hiawatha ! 



THE PEACE-PIPE. 

On the Mountains of the Prairie,V I 

On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, ^ 

^itche Manito, the mighty, 

He the Master of Life, descending, 

On the red crags of the quarry 

Stood erect, and called the nations, 

Called the tribes of men together. 

From his footprints flowed a river,^ 
Leaped into the light of morning, 

1 Mr. Catlin, in his Letters and Notes on the Manners, Cus- 
toms, and Conditions of the North A^nerican Indians, Vol. II., 
p. 160, gives an interesting account of the Coteau des Prairies, 
and the Red-Pipe stone Quarry. He says : — 

" Here (according to theii^ traditions) happened the mys- 
terious birth of the red pipe, which has blown its fumes of 
peace and w^ar to the remotest, corners of the continent ; 
which has visited every warrior and passed through its red- 
dened stem the irrevocable oath of w^ar and desolation. And 
here also the peace breathing calumet was born, and fringed 
with the eagle's quills, w^hich has shed its thrilling fumes 
over the land, and soothed the fury of the relentless savage. 

" The Great Spirit at an ancient period here called the 
Indian nations together, and standing on the precipice of the 
red pipe-stone rock, broke from its wall a piece, and made 

7 



8 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

O'er the precipice plunging downward 
Gleamed like Islikoodah,^4:he comet. 
And the spirit, stooping earthward, 
With his finger on the meadow 
Traced a winding pathway for it, 
Saying to it : — " Kun in this way ! " 
From the red stone of the quarry 
With his hand he broke a frag^ment, - 
Moulded it into a pipe-head, 
Shaped and fashioned it with figures ;-v 
From the margin of the river 
Took a long reed for a pipe-stem. 
With its dark green leaves upon it ; 
Filled the ])ipe with bark of willowA 
With the bark of the red willow ;'^ 

a huge pipe by turning it in his hand, which he smoked over 
them, and to the North, the South, the East, and the West, 
and told them that this stone was red, — that it was their 
flesh, — that they must use it for their pipes of peace, — that 
it belonged to them all, and that the war-club and scalping- 
knife must not be raised on its ground. At the last whiff of 
his pipe liis head we7it into a great cloud, and the whole sur- 
face of the rock for several miles was melted and glazed ; 
two great ovens were opened beneath, and two women (guar- 
dian spirits of the place) entered them in a blaze of fire ; and 
they are heard there yet (Tso-mec-cos-tee and Tso-me-cos-te- 
won-dee), answering to the invocations of the high-priests or 
medicine-men, who consult them when they are visitors to 
this sacred place." 



THE PEACE-PIPE. 

Breathed upon the neighboring forest, 
Made its great boughs chafe together, 
Till in flame they burst and kindled ; \ 
And erect upon the mountains, y 
Gitche Manito, the mighty. 
Smoked the calumet, the Peace-Pipe,^ 
As a sifj:nal to the nations. \ 

And the smoke rose slowly, slowly,-^ 
Through the tranquil air of morning, ^v 
First a single line of darkness, ' 

Then a denser, bluer vapor, 
Then a sno^Y-white cloud unfolding. 
Like the tree-tops of the forest. 
Ever rising, rising, rising, 
Till it touched the top of heaven. 
Till it broke against the heaven, 
And rolled outward all around it. 

From the A^ale of Tawasentha, 
From the Yalley of Wyoming, 
From the groves of Tuscaloosa, 
From the far-off Rocky Mountains, 
From the Northern lakes and rivers, 
All the tribes beheld the signal. 
Saw the distant smoke ascending. 



10 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

The Pukwana ^ of the Peace-Pipe. 

And the Prophets of the nations 
Said : — " Behold it, the Pukwana ! \ 
By this signal from afar off, 
Bending like a wand of willow, 
Waving like a hand that beckons, - 
Gitche Manito, the mighty, ^ 
Calls the tri-bes of men together. 
Calls the warriors to his council ! " 
Down the rivers, o'er the prairies, .^ 
Came the warriors of the nations, \ 
Came the Delawares and Mohawks, 
Came the Choctaws and Camanches, 
Came the Shoshonies and Blackfeet, ^ 
Came the Pawnees and Omawhaws,^ \ 
Came the Mandans and Dacotahs, -^x 
Came the Hurons/and Ojibways,^^ 
All the warriors draw^n together 
By the signal of the Peace-Pipe, / 

To the Mountains of the Prairie, 

1 Smoke. 

^Note the pronounciation, the accent being on the second 
syllable which makes the word euphonious, — veiy different 
from the pronunciation of the present day. A similar re- 
mark may be made of the Indian words Ida'ho, Otta'wa, 
and others. 



THE PEACE-PIPE. H 

To the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry. "^ 
And they stood there on the meadow, 

With their weapons and their war-gear, 

Painted like the leaves of Autumn, 

Painted like the sky of morning, >^ 

Wildly glaring at each other ; 

In their faces stern defiance, --.^ 

In their hearts the feuds of ages, ^ 

The hereditary hatred. 

The ancestral thirst of vengeance. 
Gitche Manito, the mighty, 

The creator of the nations, 

Looked upon them with compassion,^ 

With paternal love and pity ; ^^ 

Looked upon their wrath and wrangling \ 

But as quarrels among children, \ 

But as feuds and fights of children ! ^ 
Over them he stretched his right hand, 

To subdue their stubborn natures, 

To allay their thirst and fever, ., ^'^ 

By the shadow of his right hand y 

Spake to them with voice majestic 

As the sound of far-off waters, 

Falling into deep abysses, 



12 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Warning, chiding, spake in this wise : — 

" O my children ! my poor children ! 
Listen to the words of wisdom, ^ 
Listen to the words of warnincr. 
From the lips of the Great Spirit, 
From the Master of Life, vwho made you ! 
/ IJiJ'^l have given you lands to hunt in, 
I have given you streams to fish in, 
I have given you bear and bison, 
I have given you roe and reindeer, 
I have given you brant and beaver, 
Filled the marshes full of wild-fowl. 
Filled the rivers full of fishes ; 
Why then are you not contented ? ^ 
Why then Avill you hunt each other ? 

'' I am weary of your quarrels, \ 
Weary of your wars and bloodshed, 
Weary of your prayers for vengeance, 
Of your wranglings and dissensions ; 
All your strength is in your union, 
All your danger is in discord ; 
Therefore be at peace henceforward. 
And as brothers live together. 
" I will send a Prophet to you, 



THE PEACE-PIPE. 13 

A Deliverer of the nations, 

Who shall guide you and shall teach you, 

Who shall toil and suffer with you. 

If you listen to his counsils, 

You will multiply and prosper ;. 

If his warnings pass unheeded, " i 

You will fade away and perish ! 

" Bathe now in the stream before you, 
Wash the war-painty from your faces, 
Wash the blood-stains from your fingers^ 
Bury your war-clubs, and your weapons„> 
Break the red stone from this quarry^^ 
Mould and make it into Peace-Pipes, , 
Take the reeds that grow beside you^ 
Deck them with your brightest feathers, 
Smoke the calumet ^ together. 
And as brothers live henceforward ! " 

Then upon the ground the warriors 
Threw their cloaks and shirts of deer-skin, 
Threw their weapons and their war-gear, 
Leaped into the rushing river. 
Washed the war-paint from their faces. 
Clear above them flowed the water, 
1 The pipe of peace. 



14 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Clear and limpid from the footprints 
Of the Master of Life descending ; 
Dark below them flowed the water,/ 
Soiled and stained with streaks of crimson, 
As if blood were mingled with it ! 

From the river came the warriors, 
Clean and washed from all their war-paint ; 
On the banks their clubs they buried. 
Buried all their warlike weapons. 
Gitche Manito, the mighty, 
The Great Spirit, the creator. 
Smiled upon his helpless children ! 

And in silence all the warriors-^ 
Broke the red stone of the quarry,/' 
Smoothed and formed it into Peace-Pipes,\ 
Broke the long reeds by the river,/ 
Decked them with their brightest feathers, v 
And departed each one homeward. 
While the Master of Life, ascending. 
Through the opening of cloud-curtains. 
Through the doorways of the heaven, 
Vanished from before their faces. 
In the smoke that rolled around him, 
The Pukwana of the Peace-Pipe ! 



11. 

THE FOIJfl WINDS. 

"Honor be to Mudjekeewis ! "^ 
Cried the warriors, cried the old men, 
When he came in triumph homeward 
With the sacred Belt of Wampum, 
From the regions of the North-Wind, 
From the kingdom of Wabasso, ^ 
From the land of the White Rabbit. 

He had stolen the Belt of Wampum 
From the neck of Mishe-Mokwa, 
From the Great Bear of the mountains, 
From the terror of the nations, 
As he lay asleep and cumbrous 
On the summit of the mountains. 
Like a rock with mosses on it, 
Spotted brown and gray with mosses. 

1 The father of Hiawatha, the "Wind, afterwards Kabeyun 
the West Wind. 

2 This word means both the North and the white rabbit. 

15 



IQ THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Silently he stole upon him. 
Till the red nails of the monster 
Almost touched him, almost scared him, 
Till the hot breath of his nostrils 
Warmed the hands of Mudjekeewis, 
As he drew the Belt of Wampum 
Over the round ears, that heard not, 
Over the small eyes, that saw not. 
Over the long nose and nostrils. 
The black muffle of the nostrils. 
Out of which the heavy breathing 
Warmed the hands of Mudjekeewis. 

Then he swung aloft his war-club. 
Shouted loud and long his war-cry. 
Smote the mighty Mishe-Mokwa 
In the middle of the forehead, 
Bight between the eyes he smote him. 

With the heavy blow bewildered, 
Eose the Great Bear of the mountains, 
But his knees beneath him trembled. 
And he whimpered like a woman. 
As he reeled and staggered forward, 
As he sat upon his haunches ; 
And the mighty Mudjekeewis, 



THE FOUR WINDS. 17 

Standing fearlessly before him, 
Taunted him in loud derision, 
Spake disdainfully in this wise ; — 

" Hark you, Bear ! you are a coward, ^ 
And no Brave, as you pretended ; 
Else you would not cry and whimper 
Like a miserable woman ! 
Bear ! you know our tribes are hostile, 
Long have been at war together ; 
Now you find that we are strongest, 
You go sneaking in the forest, 
You go hiding in the mountains ! 
Had you conquered me in battle 
Not a groan would I have uttered ; 
But you. Bear ! sit here and whimper. 
And disgrace your tribe by crying, 
Like a wretched Shaugodaya, 



1 This anecdote is from Heckewelder. In his account of 
the Indian Nations, he describes an Indian hunter as address- 
ing a bear in nearly these words. " I was present," he says, 
"at the deUvery of this curious invective ; when the hunter 
had despatched the bear, I asked him how he thought that 
poor animal could understand what he said to it ? ' O,' said 
he in answer, ' the bear understood me very well ; did you 
not observe how ashamed he looked while I was upbraiding 
him ? ' ''—Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 
Vol. I., p. 240. 
2 



18 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Like a cowardly old woman ! '' 

Then again he raised his war-club. 
Smote again the Mishe-Mokvva 
In the middle of his forehead, 
Broke his skull, as ice is broken 
When one goes to fish in Winter. 
Thus was slain the Mishe-Mokwa, 
He the Great Bear of the mountains, 
He the terror of the nations. 

" Honor be to Mudjekeewis! " 
With a shout exclaimed the people, 
" Honor be to Mudjekeewis ! 
Henceforth he shall be the West- Wind, 
And hereafter and for ever 
Shall he hold supreme dominion 
Over all the winds of heaven. 
Call him no more Mudjekeewis, 
Call him Kabeyun, the West-Wind!" 

Thus was Mudjekeewis chosen 
Father of the Winds of Heaven. 
For himself he kept the West- Wind, 
Gave the others to his children ; 
Cnto Wabun gave the Fast-Wind, 
Gave the South to Shawondasee, 



THE FOUR WINDS. 19 

And the North- Wind, wild and cruel, 
To the fierce Kabibonoldva. 
Young and beautiful was Wabun ; 
He it was who brought the morning, 
He it w^as whose silver arrows 
Chased the dark o'er hill and valley; 
He it was w^hose cheeks were painted 
With the brightest streaks of crimson, 
And whose voice awoke the village. 
Called the deer, and called the hunter. 

Lonely in the sky was Wabun ; 
Though the birds sang gayly to him, 
Though the wald-fiowers of the meadow 
Filled the air with odors for him, 
Though the forests and the rivers 
Sang and shouted at his coming, 
Still his heart was sad within him, 
For he was alone in heaven. 

But one morning, gazing earth w^ard, 
While the village still was sleeping. 
And the fog lay on the river. 
Like a ghost, that goes at sunrise, 
He beheld a maiden walking 
All alone upon a meadow, 



THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Gathering water-flags and rushes 
By a river in the meadow. 

Every morning, gazing earthward, 
Still the first thing he beheld there 
Was her blue eyes looking at him, 
Two blue lakes among the rushes. 
And he loved the lonely maiden, 
Who thus Avaited for his coming ; 
For they both w^ere solitary. 
She on earth and he in heaven. 
And he wooed her with caresses. 
Wooed her with his smile of sunshine. 
With his flattering words he wooed her, 
With his sighing and his singing. 
Gentlest whispers in the bra-nches, 
Softest music, sweetest odors. 
Till he drew her to his bosom, 
Folded in his robes of crimson. 
Till into a star he changed her. 
Trembling still upon his bosom ; 
And for ever in the heavens 
They are seen together walking, 
Wabun and the Wabun-Annung, 
Wabun and the Star of Morning. 



THE FOUR WINDS. 21 

But the fierce Kabibonokka 
Had his dwelling among icebergs. 
In the everlasting snow-drifts, 
In the kingdom of Wabasso, 
In the land of the White Eabbit. 
He it was whose hand in Autumn 
Painted all the trees with scarlet, 
Stained the leaves with red and yellow ; 
He it was who sent the snow-flakes, 
Sifting, hissing through the forest, 
Froze the ponds, the lakes, the rivers. 
Drove the loon and sea-gull southward, 
Drove the cormorant and heron 
To their nests of sedge and sea-tang 
In the realms of Shawondasee. 

Once the fierce Kabibonokka 
Issued from his lodge of snow-drifts, 
From his home among the icebergs, 
And his hair, with snow besprinkled. 
Streamed behind him like a river. 
Like a black and wintr}^ river. 
As he howled and hurried southward, 
Over frozen lakes and moorlands. 

There among the reeds and rushes 



|)2 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Found he Shingebis, the diver, 
Trailing strings of fish behind him, 
O'er the frozen fens and moorlands, 
Lingering still among the moorlands. 
Though his tribe had long departed 
To the land of Shawondasee. 

Cried the fierce Kabibonokka, 
" Who is this that dares to brave me ? 
Dares to stay in my dominions, 
When the Wawa has departed. 
When the wild-goose has gone southward. 
And the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
Long ago departed southward ? 
I will go into his wigwam, 
I will put his smouldering fire X)ut ! " 

And at night Kabibonokka 
To the lodge came wild and wailing, 
Heaped the snow in drifts about it, ' 
Shouted down into the smoke-flue, 
Shook the lodge-poles in his fury. 
Flapped the curtain of the door-way„ 
Shingebis, the diver, feared not ; 
Shingebis, the diver, cared not ; 
Four great logs had he for fire-^70od, 



THE FOUR WINDS. 23 

One for each moon of the winter, 
And for food the fishes served hmi. 
By his blazing fire he sat there, 
Warm, and merry, eating, laughing, 
Singing, " O Kabibonokka, 
You are but my fellow-mortal ! " 

Then Kabibonokka entered, 
And thouo:h Shino^ebis, the diver. 
Felt his presence by the coldness, 
Felt his icy breath upon him, 
Still he did not cease his singing. 
Still he did not leave his laughing, 
Only turned the log a little. 
Only made the fire burn brighter. 
Made the sparks fly up the smoke-flue. 

From Kabibonokka's forehead. 
From his snow-besprinkled tresses, 
Drops of sweat fell fast and heavy, 
Making dints upon the ashes. 
As along the eaves of lodges. 
As from drooping boughs of hemlock, 
Drips the melting snoAv in s]:>ring-time, 
Making hollows in the snow-drifts. 

Till at last he rose defeated, 



24: THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Could not bear the heat and laughter, 
Could not bear the merry singing, 
But rushed headlong through the door-way, 
Stamped upon the crusted snow-drifts, 
Stamped upon the lakes and rivers, 
Made the snow upon them harder, 
Made the ice upon them thicker. 
Challenged Shingebis, the diver, 
To come forth and wrestle with him. 
To come forth and wrestle naked 
On the frozen fens and moorlands. 
Forth went Shingebis, the diver. 
Wrestled all night with the JSTorth-AYind, 
Wrestled naked on the moorlands 
With the fierce Kabibonokka, » 
Till his panting breath grew fainter, 
Till his frozen grasp grew feebler. 
Till he reeled and staggered backward, 
And retreated, baffled, beaten. 
To the kingdom of Wabasso, 
To the land of the White Eabbit, 
Hearing still the gusty laughter. 
Hearing Shingebis, the diver. 
Singing, " O Kabibonokka, 



THE FOUR WINDS. 25 

You are but my fellow-mortal ! " 

Shawondasee, fat and lazy, 
Had his dwelling far to southward, 
In the drowsy, dreamy sunshine, 
In the never-ending Summer. 
He it was who sent the wood-birds. 
Sent the Opechee, the robin, 
Sent the blue-bird, the Owaissa, 
Sent the ShawshaAv, sent the swallow. 
Sent the wild-goose, Wawa, northward, 
Sent the melons and tobacco. 
And the grapes in purple clusters. 

From his pipe the smoke ascending 
Filled the sky with haze and vapor. 
Filled the air with dreamy softness. 
Gave a twinkle to the water. 
Touched the rugged hills with smoothness, 
Brought the tender Indian Summer, 
In the Moon when nights are brightest, 
In the dreary moon of SnoAv-shoes. 

Listless, careless Shawondasee ! 
In his life he had one shadow. 
In his heart one sorrow had he. 
Once, as he was gazing northward, 



26 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Far away upon a prairie 

He beheld a maiden standing, 

Saw a tall and slender maiden 

All alone upon a prairie ; 

Brightest green were all her garments 

And her hair was like the sunshine. 

Day by day he gazed upon her, 
Day by day he sighed with passion, 
Day by day his heart within him 
Grew more hot with love and longing 
For the maid with yellow tresses. 
But he was too fat and lazy 
To bestir himself and woo her ; 
Yes, too indolent and easy 
To pursue her and persuade her. 
So he only gazed upon her. 
Only sat and sighed with passion 
For the maiden of the prairie. 

Till one morning, looking northward, 
He beheld her yellow tresses 
Changed and covered o'er with whiteness, 
Covered as with whitest snow-flakes. 
" Ah ! my brother from the North-land, 
From the kingdom of Wabasso, 



THE FOUR WINDS. 27 

From the land of the White Eabbit ! 
You have stolen the maiden from me, 
You have laid your hand upon her, 
You have wooed and won my maiden, 
With your stories of the l^orth-land ! " 

Thus the wretched Shawondasee 
Breathed into the air his sorrow ; 
And the South- Wind o'er the prairie 
Wandered warm with sighs of passion, 
With the sighs of Shawondasee, 
Till the air seemed full of snow-flakes. 
Full of thistle-down the prairie, 
And the maid with hair like sunshine 
Vanished from his sight for ever ; 
IN'ever more did Shawondasee 
See the maid with yellow tresses ! 

Poor, deluded Shawondasee ! 
' T was no woman that you gazed at, 
' T was no maiden that you sighed for, 
' T was the prairie dandelion 
That through all the dreamy Summer 
You had gazed at with such longing. 
You had sighed for with such passion, 
And had puffed away for ever, 



28 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Blown into the air with sighing. 
Ah ! deluded Shawondasee ! 

Thus the Four Winds were divided 
Thus the sons of Mudjekeewis 
Had their stations in the heavens, 
At the corners of the heavens ; 
For himself the West-Wind only 
Kept the mighty Mudjekeewis. 



III. 



Hiawatha's childhood. 



Downward through the evening twilight. 

In the days that are forgotten, 

In the unremembered ages, 

From the full moon fell ]N"okomis, 

Fell the beautiful ]N"okomis, 

She a wife, but not a mother. 

She was sporting with her women, 

Swinging in a swing of grape-vines. 

When her rival, the rejected, 

Full of jealousy and hatred. 

Cut the leafy swing asunder. 

Cut in twain the twisted grape-vines. 

And ]^okomis fell affrighted 

Downward through the evening twilight. 

On the Muskoday, the meadow, 

On the prairie full of blossoms. 

" See ! a star falls ! " said the people ; 

29 



30 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" From the sky a star is falling ! " 
There among the ferns and mosses, 

There among the prairie lilies, 

On the Muskoday, the meadow, 

In the moonlight and the starlight, 

Fair Nokomis bore a daughter. 

And she called her name Wenonah,^ 

As the first-born of her daughters. 

And the daughter of Nokomis 

Grew up like the prairie lilies, 

Grew a tall and slender maiden, 

With the beauty of the moonlight. 

With the beauty of the starlight. 
And Nokomis warned her often. 

Saying oft, and oft repeating*, 

'^ O, beware of Mudjekeewis, 

Of the West- Wind, Mudjekeewis ; 

Listen not to what he tells you ; 

Lie not down upon the meadow. 

Stoop not down among the lilies. 

Lest the West-Wind come and harm you ! " 
But she heeded not the warning, 

Heeded not those words of wisdom, 
iNow spelled Winona, but should be pronounced as above. 



HIAWATHA'S CHILDHOOD. 3I 

And the West-Wind came at evening, 
Walking lightly o'er the prairie, 
Whispering to the leaves and blossoms, 
Bending low the flowers and grasses. 
Found the beautiful Wenonah, 
Lying there among the lilies, 
Wooed her with his words of sweetness. 
Wooed her with his soft caresses. 
Till she bore a son in sorrow. 
Bore a son of love and sorrow. 

Thus was born my Hiawatha, 
Thus was born the child of wonder ; 
But the daughter of I^okomis, 
Hiawatha's gentle mother. 
In her anguish died deserted 
By the West- Wind, false and faithless, 
By the heartless Mudjekeewis. 

For her daughter, long and loudly 
Wailed and wept the sad Nokomis ; 
" O that I were dead ! " she murmured. 
" O that I were dead as thou art ! 
No more w^ork, and no more weeping, 
Wahonomin ! ^ Wahonomin ! " 
1 A cry of lamentation. 



32 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

By the shores of Gitche Gumee, ^ 
By the shining Big-Sea- Water, 
Stood the wigwam of Nokomis, 
Daughter of the Moon, Nokomis. 
Park behind it rose the forest, 
Eose the black and gloomy pine-trees, 
Rose the firs with cones upon them ; 
Bright before it beat the water, 
Beat the clear and sunny water, 
Beat the shining Big-Sea- Water. 

There the wrinkled, old Nokomis 
Nursed the little Hiawatha, 
Bocked him in his linden cradle. 
Bedded soft in moss and rushes, 
Safely bound with reindeer sinews ; 
Stilled his fretful wail by saying, 
" Hush ! the Naked Bear 2 will get thee ! " 

1 Lake Superior. 

^ Heckewelder, in a letter published in the Transactions of 
the American Philosophical Society, Vol. IV., p. 260, speaks 
of this tradition as prevalent among the Mohicans and 
Delawares. 

"Their reports," he says, " run thus : that among all ani- 
mals had been formerly in this country, this was the most 
ferocious ; that it was much larger than the largest of the 
common bears, and remarkably long-bodied ; all over (except 
a spot of hair on its back of a white color) naked. . . . 

*' The history of this animal used to be a subject of conver- 



HIAWATHA'S CHILDHOOD. 33 

Lulled him into slumber, singing, 

" Ewa-yea ! my little owlet ! 

Who is this, that lio:hts the wio-wam ? 

With his great eyes lights the wigwam ? 

Ewa-3^ea ! ^ my little owlet ! " 

Many things Nokomis taught him 
Of the stars that shine in heaven ; 
Showed him Ishkoodah, the comet, 
Ishkoodah, with fiery tresses ; 
Showed the Death-Dance of the spirits, 
Warriors with their plumes and w^ar-clubs 
Flaring far away to northward 
In the frosty nights of Winter ; 
Showed the broad, white road in heaven. 
Pathway of the ghosts, the shadows, 
Running straight across the heavens. 
Crowded with the ghosts, the shadows. 

At the door on summer evenings 
Sat the little Hiawatha ; 
Heard the whispering of the pine-trees, 

sation among the Indians, especially when in the woods 
a hunting. I have also heard them say to their children when 
crying : ' Hush ! the naked bear will hear you, be upon you, 
and devour you.' " 
1 Lullaby. 
3 



34 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA, 

Heard the lapping of the water, 
Sounds of music, words of wonder ; 
" Minne-wawa ! " said the pine-trees, 
" Mudway-aushka ! " said the water. 

Saw the fire-fiy, Wah-wah-taysee, 
Flitting through the dusk of evening, 
With the twinkle of its candle 
Lighting up the brakes and bushes, 
And he sang the song of children, 
Sang the song Nokomis taught him : 
" Wah'Wah-taysee, little fire-fly, 
Little, flitting, white-fire insect, 
Little, dancing, white-fire creatures 
Light me wdth your little candle, 
Ere upon my bed I lay me. 
Ere in sleep I close my eyelids ! " 

Saw the moon rise from the w^ater 
Rippling, rounding from the water, 
Saw the flecks and shadow^s on it. 
Whispered, " What is that, Nokomis ? " 
And the good Nokomis answered : 
" Once a warrior, very angry. 
Seized his grandmother, and threw her 
Up into the sky at midnight ; 



HIAWATHA'S CHILDHOOD. 35 

Right against the moon he threw her ; 
'T is her body that you see there." 

Saw the rainbow in the heaven, 
In the eastern sky, the rainbow. 
Whispered, " What is that, Kokomis ? " 
And the good N^okomis answered : 
" 'T is the heaven of flowers you see there ; 
All the wild-flowers of the forest, 
All the lilies of the prairie. 
When on earth they fade and perish, 
Blossom in that heaven above us." 

When he heard the owls at midnight, 
Hooting, laughing in the forest, 
" What is that ? " he cried in terror ; 
" What is that ? " he said, " Nokomis? " 
And the good Kokomis answered : 
" That is but the owl and owlet, 
Talking in their native language. 
Talking, scolding at each other." 

Then the little Hiawatha 
Learned of every bird its language. 
Learned their names and all their secrets. 
How they built their nests in Summer, 
Where they hid themselves in Winter, 



36 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Talked with them whene'er he met them, 
Called them " Hiawatha's Chickens." 
/i^/Of all beasts he learned the language, 
Learned their names and all their secrets, 
How the beavers built their lodges, 
Where the squirrels hid their acorns. 
How the reindeer ran so swiftly, 
Why the rabbit was so timid. 
Talked with them whene'er he met them, 
Called them " Hiawatha's Brothers." 

Then lagoo, the great boaster. 
He the marvellous story-teller. 
He the traveller and the talker. 
He the friend of old Nokomis, 
Made a bow for Hiawatha ; 
From a branch of ash he made it. 
From an oak-bough made the arrows. 
Tipped w^ith flint, and winged with feathers, 
And the cord he made of deer-skin. 

Then he said to Hiawatha : 
" Go, my son, into the forest. 
Where the red deer herd together, 
Kill for us a famous roebuck. 
Kill for us a deer with antlers ! " 



HIAWATHA'S CHILDHOOD. 37 

Forth into the forest straightway 
All alone walked Hiawatha 
Proudly, with his bow and arrows ; 
And the birds sang round him, o'er him, 
" Do not shoot us, Hiawatha ! " 
Sang the Opechee, the robin, 
Sang the blue-bird, the Owaissa, 
'' Do not shoot us, Hiawatha ! " 

Up the oak-tree, close beside him. 
Sprang the squirrel, Adjidaumo, 
In and out among the branches, 
Coughed and chattered from the oak-tree. 
Laughed, and said between his laughing, 
" Do not shoot me, Hiawatha ! " 

And the rabbit from his pathway 
Leaped aside, and at a distance 
Sat erect upon his haunches. 
Half in fear and half in frolic. 
Saying to the little hunter, 
" Do not shoot me, Hiawatha ! " 

But he heeded not, nor heard them, 
For his thoughts were with the red deer ; 
On their tracks his eyes were fastened. 
Leading downward to the river. 



38 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

To the ford across the river, 
And as one in slumber walked he. 

Hidden in the alder-bushes, 
There he waited till the deer came. 
Till he saw two antlers lifted, 
Saw two eyes look from the thicket. 
Saw two nostrils point to windward. 
And a deer came down the pathway. 
Flecked with leafy light and shadow 
And his heart within him fluttered, 
Trembled like the leaves above him. 
Like the birch-leaf palpitated, 
As the deer came down the pathway. 

Then, upon one knee uprising, 
Hiawatha aimed an arrow ; 
Scarce a twig moved with his motion. 
Scarce a leaf was stirred or rustled. 
But the wary roebuck started, 
Stamped with all his hoofs together. 
Listened with one foot uplifted. 
Leaped as if to meet the arrow ; 
Ah ! the singing, fatal arrow. 
Like a wasp it buzzed and stung him ! 
Dead he lay there in the forest. 



HIAWATHA'S CHILDHOOD. 39 

By the ford across the river ; 
Beat his timid heart no longer, 
But the heart of Hiawatha 
Throbbed and shouted and exulted, 
As he bore the red deer homeward, 
And lagoo and l^okomis 
Hailed his coming with applauses. 

From the red deer's hide Nokomis 
Made a cloak for Hiawatha, 
From the red deer's flesh Nokomis 
Made a banquet in his honor. 
All the village came and feasted. 
All the guests praised Hiawatha, 
Called him Strong-Heart, Soan-ge-taha ! 
Called him Loon-Heart, Mahn-go-taysee ! 



lY. 

HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 

Out of childhood into manhood 
]N'ow had grown my Hiawatha, 
Skilled in all the craft of hunters, 
Learned in all the lore of old men, 
In all youthful sports and pastimes, 
In all manly arts and labors. 

Swift of foot was Hiawatha ; 
He could shoot an arrow from him. 
And run forward with such fleetness. 
That the arrow fell behind him ! 
Strong of arm was Hiawatha ; 
He could shoot ten arrows upward, 
Shoot them with such strength and swiftness, 
That the tenth had left the bow-string 
Ere the first to earth had fallen ! 

He had mittens, Minjekahwun, 

Magic mittens made of deer-skin ; 
40 



HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 4^ 

When upon his hands he wore them, 
He could smite the rocks asunder, 
He could grind them into powder. 
He had moccasins enchanted. 
Magic moccasins of deer-skin ; 
When he bound them round his ankles, 
When upon his feet he tied them, 
At each stride a mile he measured ! 

Much he questioned old Nokomis 
Of his father Mudjekeewis ; 
Learned from her the fatal secret 
Of the beauty of his mother. 
Of the falsehood of his father ; 
And his heart was hot within him. 
Like a living coal his heart was. 

Then he said to old Nokomis, 
" I will go to Mudjekeewis, 
See how fares it with my father, 
At the doorways of the West-Wind, 
At the portals of the Sunset ! " 

From his lodge went Hiawatha, 
Dressed for travel, armed for hunting ; 
Dressed in deer-skin shirt and leggings, 
Richly wrought with quills and wampum ; 



42 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

On bis head his eagle-feathers, 
Eound his waist his belt of wampum, 
In his hand his bow of ash- wood. 
Strung with sinews of the reindeer ; 
In his quiver oaken arrows, 
Tipped with jasper, winged with feathers ; 
With his mittens, Minjekahwun, 
With his moccasins enchanted. 

Warning said the old Nokomis, 
" Go not forth, O Hiawatha ! 
To the kingdom of the West-Wind, 
To the realms of Mudjekeewis, 
Lest he harm you with his magic. 
Lest he kill you with his cunning ! " 

But the fearless Hiawatha * 
Heeded not her woman's warning ; 
Forth he strode into the forest. 
At each stride a mile he measured ; 
Lurid seemed the sky above him. 
Lurid seemed the earth beneath him. 
Hot and close the air around him. 
Filled with smoke and fiery vapors. 
As of burning woods and prairies. 
For his heart was hot within him. 



HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 43 

Like a living coal his heart was. 

So he journeyed westward, westward, 
Left the fleetest deer behind him, 
Left the antelope and bison ; 
Crossed the rushing Esconawbaw,^ 
Crossed the mighty Mississippi, 
Passed the Mountains of the Prairie, 
Passed the land of Crows and Foxes, 
Passed the dwellings of the Blackfeet, 
Came unto the Kooky Mountains, 
To the kingdom of the West-Wind, 
AVhere upon the gusty summits 
Sat the ancient Mudjekeewis, 
Puler of the winds of heaven. 

Filled with awe was Hiawatha 
At the aspect of his father. 
On the air about him wildly 
Tossed and streamed his cloudy tresses, 
Gleamed like drifting snow his tresses. 
Glared like Ishkoodah, the comet. 
Like the star with fiery tresses. 

Filled with joy was Mudjekeewis 

' The Escanoba is on the upper Peninsula of Michigan 
and empties into Green Bay of Lake Michigan. 



44 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

"When he looked on Hiawatha, 
Saw his youth rise up before him 
In the face of Hiawatha, 
Saw the beauty of Wernonah 
From the grave rise up before him. 

" Welcome ! " said he, " Hiawatha, 
To the kingdom of the West- Wind ! 
Long have I been waiting for you ! 
Youth is lovely, age is lonely. 
Youth is fiery, age is frosty ; 
You bring back the days departed, 
You bring back my youth of passion, 
And the beautiful Wenonah ! " 

Many days they talked together. 
Questioned, listened, waited, answered ; 
Much the mighty Mudjekeewis 
Boasted of his ancient prowess. 
Of his perilous adventures, 
His indomitable courage, 
His invulnerable body. 

Patiently sat Hiawatha, 
Listening to his father's boasting ; 
With a smile he sat and listened, 
Uttered neither threat nor menace, 



HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 45 

Neither word nor look betrayed him, 
But his heart was iiot withia him, 
Like a living coal his heart was. 

Then he said, " O Mudjekeewis, 
Is there nothing that can harm you ? 
l^othing that you are afraid of ? " 
And the mighty Mudjekeewis, 
Grand and gracious in his boasting. 
Answered, saying, " There is nothing, 
Nothing but the black rock yonder, 
Nothing but the fatal Wawbeek ! " 

And he looked at Hiawatha 
"With a wise look and benignant. 
With a countenance paternal. 
Looked with pride upon the beauty 
Of his tall and graceful figure. 
Saying, " O my Hiawatha ! 
Is there anything can harm you ? 
Anything you are afraid of ? " 

But the wary Hiawatha 
Paused awhile, as if uncertain. 
Held his peace, as if resolving. 
And then answered, " There is nothing. 
Nothing but the bulrush yonder, 



46 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Nothing but the great Apukwa! " 

And as Mucljekeewis, rising, 
Stretched his hand to pluclv the bulrush, 
Hiawatha cried in terror, 
Cried in well-dissembled terror, 

" Kago ! kago ! ' do not touch it ! " 
" Ah, kaween ! " ' said Mudjekeewis, 
" No indeed, I will not touch it ! " 

Then they talked of other matters ; 
First of Hiawatha's brothers, 
First of Wabun, of the East-Wind, 
Of the South- Wind, Shawondasee, 
Of the North, Kabibonokka ; 
Then of Hiawatha's mother, 
Of the beautiful Wenonah; 
Of her birth upon the meadow, 
Of her death, as old Nokomis 
Had remembered and related. 

And he cried, *' O Mudjekeewis, 
It was you who killed Wenonah, 
Took her young life and her beauty, 
Broke the Lily of the Prairie, 

Trampled it beneath your footsteps ; 
1 Do not. 2 No indeed. 



HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 47 

You confess it ! you confess it ! " 
And the mighty Mudjekeewis 
Tossed his gray hairs to the West-Wind, 
Bowed his hoary head in anguish, 
With a silent nod assented. 

Then up started Hiawatha, 
And with threatening look and gesture 
Laid his hand upon the black rock, 
On the fatal Waw^beek ^ laid it, 
With his mittens, Minjekahwun, 
Kent the jutting crag asunder. 
Smote and crushed it into fragments. 
Hurled them madly at his father. 
The remorseful Mudjekeewis, 
For his heart was hot within him, 
Like a living coal his heart was. 

But the ruler of the West-Wind 

Blew the fragments backward from him, 

With the breathing of his nostrils. 

With the tempest of his anger, 

Blew them back at his assailant ; 

Seized the bulrush, the Apukwa, 

Dragged it with its roots and fibres 
1 Black rock. 



48 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

From the margin of the meadow, 
From its ooze, the giant bulrush ; 
Long and loud laughed Hiawatha ! 

Then began the deadly conflict. 
Hand to hand among the mountains ; 
From his eyrie screamed the eagle. 
The Keneu, the great War-Eagle ; 
Sat upon the crags around them. 
Wheeling flapped his wings above them. 

Like a tall tree in the tempest 
Bent and lashed the giant bulrush ; 
And in masses huge and heavy 
Crashing fell the fatal Wawbeek ; 
Till the earth shook with the tumult 
And confusion of the battle,' 
And the air was full of shoutings, 
And the thunder of the mountains. 
Starting, answered, " Baim-wawa ! " ^ 

Back retreated Mudjekeewis, 

Hushing westward o'er the mountains, 

Stumbling westward down the mountains. 

Three whole days retreated fighting. 

Still pursued by Hiawatha 

1 The sound of thunder. 



HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 49 

To the doorways of the West-Wind, 
To the portals of the Sunset, 
To the earth's remotest border. 
Where into the empty spaces 
Sinks the sun, as a flamingo 
Drops into her nest at nightfall. 
In the melancholy marshes. 

" Hold ! " at length cried Mudjekeewis, 
" Hold, my son, my Hiawatha ! 
' Tis impossible to kill me. 
For you cannot kill the immortal. 
I have put you to this trial, 
But to know and prove your courage ; 
Now receive the prize of valor ! 

" Go back to your home and people. 
Live among them, toil among them. 
Cleanse the earth from all that harms it, 
Clear the fishing-grounds and rivers. 
Slay all monsters and magicians. 
All the giants, the Wendigoes, 
All the serpents, the Kenabeeks, 
As T slew the Mishe-Mokwa, 
Slew the Great Bear of the mountains. 

" And at last when Death draws near you, 



50 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

When the awful eyes of Pauguk^ 
Glare upon you in the darkness, 
I will share ray kingdom with you, 
Ruler shall you be thenceforward 
Of the Northwest-Wind, Keewaydin, 
Of the home-wind, the Keewaydin." 

Thus was fought that famous battle 
In the dreadful days of Shah-shah,^ 
In the days long since departed, 
In the kingdom of the West-Wind. 
Still the hunter sees its traces 
Scattered far o'er hill and valley ; 
Sees the giant bulrush growing 
By the ponds and water-courses. 
Sees the masses of the Wawbeek 
Lying still in every valley. 

Ilomew^ard now went Hiaw^atha ; 
Pleasant was the landscape round him, 
Pleasant w^as the air above him. 
For the bitterness of anger 
Had departed wholly from him, 
From his brain the thought of vengeance. 
From his heart the burning fever. 

1 Death. ^ Long ago. 



HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 51 

Only once his pace be slackened, 
Only once be paused or baited, 
Paused to purchase beads of arrows 
Of tbe ancient Arrow-maker, 
In tbe land of tbe Dacotabs, 
Where tbe Falls of Minnehaha ^ 
Flash and gleam among tbe oak-trees. 
Laugh and leap into tbe valley. 

There the ancient Arrow-maker 
Made bis arrow-heads of sandstone, 
Arrow-heads of chalcedony. 
Arrow-heads of flint and jasper. 
Smoothed and sharpened at the edges. 
Hard and polished, keen and costly. 

With him dwelt bis dark-eyed daughter, 
Wayward as tbe Minnehaha, 
With her moods of shade and sunshine. 
Eyes that smiled and frowned alternate. 

Feet as rapid as the river, 

1 In a park now included in the city of Minneapolis. 
" The scenery about Fort Snelling is rich in beauty. 
The Falls of St. Anthony are familiar to travellers, and to 
readers of Indian sketches. Between the fort and these falls 
are the ' Little Falls,' forty feet in height, on a stream that 
empties into the Mississippi. The Indians call them Mine- 
hah-hah, or ' laughing waters.' " — Mrs. Eastman's Dacotah, 
or Legends of the Sioux, Introduction, p. ii. 



52 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Tresses flowing like the water, 
And as musical a laughter ; 
And he named her from the river, 
From the water-fall he named her, 
Minnehaha, Laughing Water. 

Was it then for heads of arrows. 
Arrow-heads of chalcedony. 
Arrow-heads of flint and jasper. 
That my Hiawatha halted 
In the land of the Dacotahs ? 

Was it not to see the maiden. 
See the face of Laughing Water 
Peeping from behind the curtain, 
Hear the rustling of her garments 
From behind the Avaving curtain. 
As one sees the Minnehaha 
Gleaming, glancing through the branches, 
As one hears the Laughing Water 
From behind its screen of branches ? 

Who shall say what thoughts and visions 
Fill the fiery brains of young men ? 
Who shall say w^hat dreams of beauty 
Filled the heart of Hiawatha ? 
All he told to old l^okomis, 



HIAWATHA AND MUDJEKEEWIS. 53 

"When he reached the lodge at sunset, 
Was the meeting with his father, 
Was his fight with Mudjekeewis ; 
Not a word he said of arrows, 
Not a word of Laughing Water ! 



O 






You shall hear how Hiawatha 
Prayed and fasted in the forest, 
'Not for greater skill in hunting, 
Not for greater craft in fishing, 
Not for triumphs in the battle. 
And renown among the warriors, 
But for profit of the people. 
For advantage of the nations. 

First he built a lodge for fasting. 
Built a Avigwam in the forest. 
By the shining Big-Sea-Water, 
In the blithe and pleasant Spring-time, 
In the Moon of Leaves he built it, 
And, with dreams and visions many. 
Seven whole days and nights he fasted. 

On the first day of his fasting 

Through the leafy woods he wandered ; 
54 



HIAWATHA'S FASTING. 55 

Saw the deer start from the thicket, 

Saw the rabbit in his burrow, 

Heard the pheasant, Bena, drumming. 

Heard the squirrel, Adjidaumo, 

Battling in his hoard of acorns. 

Saw the pigeon, the Omeme, 

Building nests among the pine-trees. 

And in flocks the wild goose, Wawa, 

Flying to the fen-lands northvrard. 

Whirring, wailing far above him. 

" Master of Life ! " he cried, desponding, 

" Must our lives depend on these tilings ? " 

On the next day of his fasting 
By the river's brink he wandered. 
Through the Muskoday, the meadow, 
Saw the wild rice, Mahnomonee,^ 
Saw the blueberry, Meenahga, 
And the strawberry, Odahmin, 
And the gooseberry, Shahbomin, 
And the grape-vine, the Bemahgut, 
Trailing over the alder- branches, 
Filling all the air with fragrance ! 

^The word is preserved inMenom'onie.Wis., and Menominee, 
Mich. The pronunciation of the present day is not that of 
the Indian tongue. 



56 .THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" Master of Life !" he cried, despondiDg, 
*' Must our lives depend on these things 'i " 

On the third day of his fasting 
By the day he sat and pondered, 
By the still, transparent water ; 
Saw the sturgeon, Nahma, leaping, 
Scattering drops like beads of wampum, 
Saw the yellow perch, the Sahwa, 
Like a sunbeam in the water, 
Saw the pike, the Maskenozha, 
And the herring, Okahahwis, 
And the Shawgashee, the craw-fish ! 
" Master of Life ! " he cried, desponding, 
" Must our lives depend on these things ? " 

On the fourth day of his fasting 
In his lodge he lay exhausted ; 
From his couch of leaves and branches 
Gazing with half-open eyelids, 
Full of shadowy dreams and visions. 
On the dizz}^, swimmy landscape. 
On the gleaming of the water. 
On the splendor of the sunset. 

And he saw a youth approaching, 
Dressed in garments green and yellow. 



HIAWATHA'S FASTING. 57 

Coming through the purple twilight, 
Through the splendor of the sunset ; 
Plumes of green bent o'er his forehead, 
And his hair was soft and golden. 

Standing at the open doorway. 
Long he looked at Hiawatha, 
Looked with pity and compassion 
On his wasted form and features, 
And, in accents like the sighing 
Of the South- Wind in the tree-tops. 
Said he ; — O my Hiawatha ! 
All your prayers are heard in heaven. 
For you pray not like the others, 
!N"ot for greater skill in hunting, 
Not for greater craft in fishing, 
E'ot for triumph in the battle, 
Nor renown among the warriors. 
But for profit of the people. 
For advantage of the nations. 

" From the Master of Life descending, 
I, the friend of man, Mondamin, 
Come to. warn you and instruct you. 
How by struggle and by labor 
You shall gain what you have prayed for. 



58 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Kise up from 3^our bed of branches, 
Else, O youth, and wrestle ^yith me ! " 

Faint ^Yith famine, Hiawatha 
Started from his bed of branches, 
From the twilight of his Avigwam 
Forth into the flush of sunset 
Came, and wrestled with Mondamin ; 
At his touch he felt new courage 
Throbbing in his brain and bosom, 
Felt new life and hope and vigor 
Run through ever}^ nerve and fibre. 

So they wrestled there together 
In the glory of the sunset, 
And the more they strove and struggled. 
Stronger still grew Hiawatha ; 
Till the darkness fell around them, 
And the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
From her haunts among the fen-lands. 
Gave a cry of lamentation. 
Gave a scream of pain and famine. 
" 'T is enough ! " then said Mondamin, 
Smiling upon Hiawatha, 
" But to-morrow when the sun sets, 
I will come again to try you." 



HIAWATHA'S FASTING. 59 

And he vanished, and was seen not ; 
Whether sinking as the rain sinks, 
Whether rising as the mists rise, 
Hiawatha saw not, knew not, 
Onlv saw that he had vanished. 



Leaving him alone and fainting, 
With the misty lake below him, 
And the reeling stars above him. 

On the morrow and the next day. 
When the sun through heaven descending, 
Like a red and burning cinder 
From the hearth of the Great Spirit, 
Fell into the western waters. 
Came Mondamin for the trial. 
For the strife with Hiawatha ; 
Came as silent as the dew comes. 
From the empty air appearing. 
Into empty air returning, 
Taking shape when earth it touches, 
But invisible to all men 
In its coming and its going. 

Thrice they wrestled there together 
In the glory of the sunset. 
Till the darkness fell around them. 



60 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Till the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
From her haunts among the fen- lands, 
Uttered her loud cry of famine, 
And Mondamin paused to listen. 

Tall and beautiful he stood there, 
In his garments green and yellow ; 
To and fro his plumes above him 
Waved and nodded with his breathing, 
And the sweat of the encounter 
Stood like drops of dew upon him. 

And he cried : — " O Hiawatha ! 
Bravely have you wrestled with me, 
Thrice have wrestled stoutly with me. 
And the Master of Life, who sees us, 
He will give to you the tViumph ! " 

Then he smiled, and said : — " To-morrow 
Is the last day of your conflict, 
Is the last day of your fasting, 
You will conquer and o'ercome me ; 
Make a bed for me to lie in, 
Where the rain may fall upon me. 
Where the sun may come and warm me ; 
Strip these garments, green and yellow, 
Strip this nodding plumage from me. 



HIAWATHA'S FASTING. 61 

Lay me in the earth, and make it 
Soft and loose and light above me. 

" Let no hand disturb my slumber, 
Let no weed nor worm molest me, 
Let not Kahgahgee, the raven, 
Come to haunt me and molest me, 
Only come yourself to watch me, 
Till I wake, and start, and quicken. 
Till I leap into the sunshine." 

And thus saying, he departed ; 
Peacefully slept Hiawatha, 
But he heard the Wawonaissa, 
Heard the whippoorwill complaining, 
Perched upon his lonely wigwam ; 
Heard the rushing Sebowisha, 
Heard the rivulet rippling near him, 
Talking to the darksome forest ; 
Heard the sighing of the branches. 
As they lifted and subsided 
At the passing of the night-wind, 
Heard them, as one hears in slumber 
Far-off murmurs, dreamy whispers: 
Peacefully slept Hiawatha. 
/^ On the morrow came Kokomis, 



62 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

On the seventh day of his fasting, 
Came with food for Hiawatha, 
Came imploring and bewailing. 
Lest his hunger should o'ercome him, 
Lest his fasting should be fatal. 

Edt he tasted not, and touched not, 
Only said to her : — " Nokomis, 
Wait until the sun is setting. 
Till the darkness falls around us. 
Till the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
Crying from the desolate marshes, 
Tells us that the day is ended." 

Homeward weeping w^ent Nokomis, 
Sorrowing for her Hiaw^atha, 
Fearing lest his strength should fail him. 
Lest his fasting should bo fatal. 
He meanAvhile sat weary waiting 
For the coming of Mondamin,^ 
Till the shadows, pointing eastward. 
Lengthened over field and forest. 
Till the sun dropped from the heaven, 
Floating on the waters westward. 
As a red leaf in the Autumn 

J Indian Corn. See detailed description below. 



HIAWATHA'S FASTING. ^3 

Falls and floats upon the water, 
Falls and sinks into its bosom. 

And behold ! the young Mondamin, 
With his soft and shining tresses, 
With his garments green and yellow, 
With his long and glossy plumage. 
Stood and beckoned at the doorw^ay, 
And as one in slumber walking. 
Pale and haggard, but undaunted, 
From the w^igw^am Hiawatha 
Came and wrestled with Mondamin. 

Round about him spun the landscape. 
Sky and forest reeled together. 
And his strong heart leaped within him, 
As the sturgeon leaps and struggles 
In a net to break its meshes. 
Like a ring of fire around him 
Blazed and flared the red horizon. 
And a hundred suns seemed looking 
At the combat of the wrestlers. 

Suddenly upon the greensward 
All alone stood Hiawatha, 
Panting with his wild exertion. 
Palpitating with the struggle ; 



64: THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

And before him, breathless, lifeless, 
Lay the youth, with hair dishevelled, 
Plumage torn, and garments tattered. 
Dead he lay there in the sunset. 

And victorious Hiawatha 
Made the grave as he commanded. 
Stripped the garments from Mondamin, 
Stripped his tattered plumage from him, 
Laid him in the earth, and made it 
Soft and loose and light above him ; 
And the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
From the melancholy moorlands, 
Gave a cry of lamentation. 
Gave a cry of pain and anguish ! 

Homeward then went Hiawatha 
To the lodge of old Nokomis, 
And the seven days of his fasting 
Were accomplished and completed. 
But the place was not forgotten 
Where he wrestled with Mondamin ; 
Nor forgotten nor neglected 
Was the grave where lay Mondamin, 
Sleeping in the rain and sunshine. 
Where his scattered plumes and garments 



HIAWATHA'S FASTING. 65 

Faded in the rain and sunshine. 

Day by day did Hiawatha 
Go to wait and watch beside it ; 
Kept the dark mould soft above it, 
Kept it clean from weeds and insects, 
Drove away, with scoffs and shoutings, 
Kahgahgee, the king of ravens. 

Till at length a small green feather 
From the earth shot slowly upward, 
Then another and another. 
And before the summer ended 
Stood the maize in all its beauty, 
With its shining robes about it. 
And its long, soft, yellow tresses ; 
And in rapture Hiawatha 
Cried aloud : — " It is Mondamin ! 
Yes, the friend of man, Mondamin ! " 

Then he called to old IST okomis 

And lagoo, the great boaster. 

Showed them where the maize was growing, 

Told them of his wondrous vision. 

Of his wrestling and his triumph. 

Of this new gift to the nations. 

Which should be their food for ever. 
5 



ee THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

And still later, when the Autumn 
Changed the long, green leaves to yellow, 
And the soft 'and juicy kernels 
Grew like wampum hard and yellow, 
Then the ripened ears he gathered, 
Stripped the withered husks from off them. 
As he once had stripped the wrestler, 
Gave the first Feast of Mondamin, 
And made known unto the people 
This new gift of the Great Spirit. 



YL 



Hiawatha's friends. 



Two good friends bad Hiawatha, 

Singled out from all the others, 

Bound to him in closest union. 

And to whom he gave the right hand 

Of his heart, in joy and sorrow ; 

Chibiabos, the musician, 

And the very strong man, Kwasind. 

Straight between them ran the pathway, 

Never grew the grass upon it ; 

Singing birds, that utter falsehoods. 

Story-tellers, mischief-makers, 

Found no eager ear to listen. 

Could not breed ill-will between them, 

For they kept each other's counsel. 

Spake with naked hearts together, 

Pondering much and much contriving 

How the tribes of men might prosper. 

67 



68 i THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Most beloved by Hiawatha 
Was the gentle Chibiabos, 
He the best of all musicians, 
He the sweetest of all singers. 
Beautiful and childlike was he, 
Brave as man is, soft as w^oman, 
Pliant as a wand of willow, 
Stately as a deer with antlers. 
When he sang, the village listened ; 
All the warriors gathered round him, 
All the women came to hear him ; 
Now he stirred their souls to passion, 
Now he melted them to pity. 

From the hollow reeds he fashioned 
Flutes so musical and mellow, 
That the brook, the Sebowisha, 
Ceased to murmur in the woodland. 
That the wood-birds ceased from singing, 
And the squirrel, Adjidaumo, 
Ceased his chatter in the oak-tree. 
And the rabbit, the Wabasso, 
Sat upright to look and listen. 

Yes, the brook, the Sebowisha, 
Pausing, said : — " O Chibiabos, 



HIAWATHA'S FRIENDS. 69 

Teach my waves to flow in music, 
Softly as your words in singing ! " 

Yes, the blue-bird, the Owaissa, 
Envious, said : — " O Chibiabos, 
Teach me tones as wild and wayward, 
Teach me songs as full of frenzy ! " 

Yes, the Opechee, the robin. 
Joyous, said :— " O Chibiabos, 
Teach me tones as sweet and tender. 
Teach me songs as full of gladness ! " 

And the whippoorwill, V\^awonaissa, 
Sobbing, said :— " O Chibiabos, 
Teach me tones as melancholy. 
Teach me songs as full of sadness ! " 

All the many sounds of nature 
Borrowed sweetness from his singing ; 
All the hearts of men were softened 
By the pathos of his music ; 
For he sang of peace and freedom. 
Sang of beauty, love, and longing ; 
Sang of death, and life undying 
In the Islands of the Blessed, 
In the kingdom of Ponemah, 
In the land of the Hereafter. 



/ 



70 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Yery dear to Hiawatha 
Was the gentle Chibiabos, 
He the best of all musicians, 
He the sweetest of all singers ; 
For his gentleness he loved him, 
And the magic of his singing. 

Dear, too, unto Hiawatha 
Was the very strong man, Kwasind, 
He the strongest of all mortals, 
He the mightiest among many ; 
For his very strength he loved him. 
For his strength allied to goodness. 

Idle in his youth was Kwasind, 
Very listless, dull, and dreamy, 
Never played with other children, 
Never fished and never hunted. 
Not like other children was he ; 
But they saw that much he fasted. 
Much his Manito entreated, 
Much besought his Guardian Spirit. 

" Lazy Kwasind ! " said his mother, 
" In my v^ork you never help me ! 
In the Summer you are roaming 
Idly in the fields and forests ; 



HIAWATHA'S FRIENDS. 71 

In the Winter you are cowering 
O'er the firebrands in the wigwam ! 
In the coldest days of Winter 
I must break the ice for fishing ; 
With my nets you never help me ! 
At the door my nets are hanging, 
Dripping, freezing with the water ; 
Go and wring them, Yenadizze ! * 
Go and dry them in the sunshine ! " 

Slowly, from the ashes, Kwasind 
Rose, but made no angry answer ; 
From the lodge went forth in silence, 
Took the nets, that hung together, 
Dripping, freezing at the doorway, 
Like a wisp of straw he wrung them. 
Like a wisp of straw he broke them. 
Could not wring them without breaking, 
Such the strength was in his fingers. 

" Lazy Kwasind ! " said his father, 
" In the hunt you never help me ; 
Every bow you touch is broken. 
Snapped asunder every arrow ; 
Yet come with me to the forest, 
1 Indian dude. 



72 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

You shall bring the bunting bomeward." 

Down a narrow pass they wandered, 
"Wbere a brooklet led them onward, 
Wbere the trail of deer and bison 
Marked the soft mud on tbe margin, 
Till they found all further passage 
Shut against them, barred securely 
By the trunks of trees uprooted. 
Lying lengthwise, lying crosswise. 
And forbidding further passage. 

" We must go back," said the old man, 
" O'er these logs we cannot clamber ; 
Not a wood chuck could get through them, 
I^ot a squirrel clamber o'er them ! " 
And straightway his pipe he lighted. 
And sat down to smoke and ponder. 
But before his pipe was finished, 
Lo ! the path was cleared before him ; 
All the trunks had Kwasind lifted. 
To the right hand, to the left hand. 
Shot the pine-trees swift as arrows. 
Hurled the cedars light as lances. 

" Lazy Kwasind ! " said the young men. 
As they sported in the meadow ; 



HIAWATHA'S FRIENDS. ^3 

" Why stand idly looking at us, 
Leaning on the rock behind you ? 
Come and wrestle with the others, 
Let us pitch the quoit together ! " 

Lazy Kwasind made no answer. 
To their challenge made no answer. 
Only rose, and, slowly turning. 
Seized the huge rock in his fingers, 
Tore it from its deep foundation. 
Poised it in the air a moment. 
Pitched it sheer into the river. 
Sheer into the swift Pauwating, 
Where it still is seen in Summer. 

Once as down that foaming river, 
Down the rapids of Pauwating, 
Kwasind sailed with his companions, 
In the stream he saw a beaver. 
Saw Ahmeek, the King of Beavers, 
Struggling with the rushing currents, 
Kising, sinking in the water. 

Without speaking, without pausing, 
Kwasind leaped into the river. 
Plunged beneath the bubbling surface, 
Through the whirlpools chased the beaver, 



^^ THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Followed him among the islands, 
Stayed so long beneath the water, 
That his terrified companions 
Cried : " Alas ! good-bye to Kwasind ! 
We shall never more see Kwasind ! " 
But he reappeared triumphant, 
And upon his shining shoulders 
Brought the beaver, dead and dripping, 
Brought the King of all the Beavers. 
And these two, as I have told you, 
Were the friends of Hiawatha, 
Chibiabos, the musician, 
And the very strong man, Kwasind. 
Long they lived in peace together, 
Spake with naked hearts together. 
Pondering much and much contriving 
How the tribes of men might prosper. 



yii. 



HIAWATHA'S SAILING. 



" Give me of your bark, O Birch-Tree ! 
Of your yellow bark, O Birch-Tree I 
Growing by the rushing river, 
Tall and stately in the valley ! 
I a light canoe will build me, 
Build a swift Cheemaun for sailing. 
That shall float upon the river. 
Like a yellow leaf in Autumn, 
Like a yellow water-lily ! 

" Lay aside your cloak, O Birch-Tree ! 
Lay aside your white-skin wrapper. 
For the Summer-time is coming, 
And the sun is w^arm in heaven, 
And you need no white-skin wrapper ! " 

Thus aloud cried Hiawatha 

1 This beautiful description of the building of the canoe 
reminds one of Longfellow's more elaborate poem " The Build- 
ing of the Ship." 

75 



76 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

In the solitary forest, 
By the rushing Taquamenaw, 
When the birds were singing gayly, 
In the Moon of Leaves were singing, 
And the sun, from sleep awaking. 
Started up and said, " Behold me ! 
Geezis, the great Sun, behold me ! '' 

And the tree Avith all its branches 
Rustled in the breeze of morning, 
Saying, with a sigh of patience, 
" Take my cloak, O Hiawatha ! " 

With his knife the tree he girdled ; 
Just beneath its lowest branches, 
Just above the roots, he cut it. 
Till the sap came oozing outward ; 
Down the trunk, from top to bottom, 
Sheer he cleft the bark asunder, 
With a wooden w^edge he raised it, 
Stripped it from the trunk unbroken. 

" Give me of your boughs, O Cedar ! 
Of your strong and pliant branches. 
My canoe to make more steady. 
Make more strong and firm beneath me ! " 

Through the summit of the Cedar 



HIAWATHA'S SAILING. 77 

Went a sound, a cry of horror, 
Went a murmur of resistance ; 
But it whispered, bending downward, 
" Take my boughs, O Hiawatha 1 " 

Down he hewed the boughs of cedar. 
Shaped them straightway to a framework. 
Like two bows he formed and shaped them, 
Like two bended bows together. 

" Give me of your roots, O Tamarack ! 
Of your fibrous roots, O Larch-Tree ! 
My canoe to bind together. 
So to bind the ends together 
That the water may not enter, 
That the river may not wet me ! " 

And the Larch, with all its fibres. 
Shivered in the air of morning. 
Touched his forehead w^th its tassels, 
Said, with one long sigh of sorrow, 
" Take them all, O Hiawatha ! " 

From the earth he tore the fibres. 
Tore the touch roots of the Larch-Tree, 
Closely sewed the bark together. 
Bound it closely to the framework. 

" Give me of your balm, O Fir-Tree ! 



78 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Of your balsam and your resin, 
So to close the seams together 
That the water may not enter, 
That the river may not wet me ! " 

And the Fir-Tree, tall and sombre. 
Sobbed through all its robes of darkness, 
Eattled like a shore with pebbles, 
Answered wailing, answered weeping, 
" Take my balm, O Hiawatha ! " 

And he took the tears of balsam, 
Took the resin of the Fir-Tree, 
Smeared therewith each seam and fissure, 
Made each crevice safe from water. 
y /" Give me of your quills, O Hedgehog ! 
All your quills, O Kagh, the Hedgehog ! 
I will make a necklace of them. 
Make a girdle for my beauty, 
And two stars to deck her bosom ! " 

From a hollow tree the Hedgehog 
"With his sleepy eyes looked at him, 
Shot his shining quills, like arrows. 
Saying, with a drowsy murmur. 
Through the tangle of his whiskers, 
" Take my quills, O Hiawatha ! " 



HIAWATHA'S SAILING. 79 

From the ground the quills he gathered, 

All the little shining arrows, 

Stained them red and blue and yellow, 

"With the juice of roots and berries ; 

Into his canoe he wrought them, 

Eound its waist a shining girdle, 

Bound its bows a gleaming necklace, 

On its breast two stars resplendent. 
Thus the Birch Canoe was builded 

In the valley, by the river. 

In the bosom of the forest ; 

And the forest's life was in it. 

All its mystery and its magic, 

All the lightness of the birch-tree, 

All the toughness of the cedar, 

All the larch's supple sinews ; 

And it floated on the river 

Like a yellow leaf in Autumn, 

Like a yellow water-lily. 
Paddles none had Hiawatha, 

Paddles none he had or needed. 

For his thoughts as paddles served him. 

And his wishes served to guide him ; 
Swift or slow at will he glided, 



80 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Yeerecl to right or left at pleasure. 

Then he called aloud to Kwasind. 
To his friend, the strong man, Kwasind, 
Saying : " Help me clear this river 
Of its sunken logs and sand-bars." 

Straight into the river Kwasind 
Plunged as if he were an otter, 
Dived as if he were a beaver. 
Stood up to his waist in water, 
To his arm-pits in the river. 
Swam and shouted in the river. 
Tugged at sunken logs and branches. 
With his hands he scooped the sand-bars, 
With his feet the ooze and tangle. 
And thus sailed my Hiawatha 
Down the rushing Taquamenaw, 
Sailed through all its bends and windings. 
Sailed through all its deeps and shallows. 
While his friend, the strong man, Kwasind, 
Swam the deeps, the shallows waded. 

Up and down the river went they. 
In and out among its islands. 
Cleared its bed of root and sand-bar, 
Dragged the dead trees from its channel, 



HIAWATHA'S SAILING. 81 

Made its passage safe and certain, 
Made a pathway for the people, 
From its springs among the mountains. 
To the waters of Pauwating, 
To the bay of Taquamenaw. 



VIII. 

Hiawatha's fishing. 

Forth upon the Gitche Gumee, 
On the shining Big-Sea- Water, 
With his fishing-line of cedar, 
Of the twisted bark of cedar, 
Forth to catch the sturgeon Nahma, 
Mishe-Nahama, King of Fishes, 
In his birch canoe exulting 
All alone went Hiawatha, 

Through the clear, transparent water 
He could see the fishes swimming 
Far down in the depths below him ; 
See the yellow perch, the Sahwa, 
Like a sunbeam in the water. 
See the Shawgashee, the craw-fish, 
Like a spider on the bottom, 
On the white and sandy bottom. 

82 



HIAWATHA'S FISHING. 83 

At the stern sat Hiawatha, 
With his fishing-line of cedar ; 
In his plumes the breeze of morning 
Played as in the hemlock branches ; 
On the bows, with tail erected, 
Sat the squirrel, Adjidaumo ; 
In his fur the breeze of morning 
Played as in the prairie grasses. 

On the white sand of the bottom 
Lay the monster Mishe-l^ahma, 
Lay the sturgeon. King of Fishes ; 
Through his gills he breathed the water. 
With his fins he fanned and winnowed. 
With his tail he swept the sand-floor. 

There he lay in all his armor ; 
On each side a shield to guard him. 
Plates of bone upon his forehead, 
Down his sides and back and shoulders 
Plates of bone with spines projecting ! 
Painted Avas he with his war-paints, 
Stripes of yellow, red, and azure. 
Spots of brown and spots of sable ; 
And he lay there on the bottom. 
Fanning with his fins of purple, 



84 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

As above him Hiawatha 

In his birch canoe came sailing, 

With his fishing-line of cedar. 

" Take my bait ! " cried Hiawatha, 
Down into the depths beneath him, 

" Take my bait, O Sturgeon, Nahma ! 
Come up from below the water, 
Let us see which is the stronger ! " 
And he dropped his line of cedar 
Through the clear, transparent water. 
Waited vainly for an answer, 
Long sat waiting for an answer, 
And repeating loud and louder, 
" Take my bait, O King of Fishes ! " 

Quiet lay the sturgeon, Nahma, 
Fanning slowly in the Avater, 
Looking up at Hiawatha, 
Listening to his call and clamor. 
His unnecessary tumult. 
Till he wearied of the shouting ; 
And he said to the Kenozha, 
To the pike, the Maskenozha : 
" Take the bait of this rude fellow, 
Break the line of Hiawatha ! " 



HIAWATHA'S FISHING. 85 

In his fingers Hiawatha 
Felt the loose line jerk and tighten ; 
As he drew it in, it tugged so 
That the birch canoe stood endwise, 
Like a birch log in the water, 
"With the squirrel, Adjidaumo, 
Perched and frisking on the summit. 

Full of scorn was Hiawatha 
When he saw the fish rise upward, 
Saw the pike, the Maskenozha, 
Coming nearer, nearer to him, 
And he shouted through the water : 
" Esa ! esa ! Shame upon you ! 
You are but the pike,- Kenozha 
You are not the fish I wanted, 
You are not the King of Fishes ! " 

Eeeling downward to the bottom 
Sank the pike in great confusion. 
And the mighty sturgeon, Nahma, 
Said to Ugudwash, the sun-fish : 
" Take the bait of this great boaster, 
Break the line of Hiawatha ! " 

Slowly upward, wavering, gleaming 
Like a white moon in the water, 



86 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Rose the Ugudwash, the sun-fish, 
Seized the line of Hiawatha, 
Swung with all his weight upon it, 
Made a whirlpool in the water, 
Whirled the birch canoe in circles. 
Round and round in gurgling eddies, 
Till the circles in the water 
Reached the far-off sandy beaches, 
Till the water-flags and rushes 
Nodded on the distant margins. 
But when Hiawatha saw him 
Slowly rising through the water. 
Lifting his great disc of whiteness. 
Loud he shouted in derision : 
" Esa ! esa ! Shame upon you ! 
You are Ilgudwash, the sun-fish. 
You are not the fish I wanted. 
You are not the King of Fishes ! " 

"Wavering downward, white and ghastly, 
Sank the Ugadwash, the sun-fish, 
And again the sturgeon, Nahma, 
Heard the shout of Hiawatha, 
Heard his challenge of defiance. 
The unnecessary tumult, 



HIAWATHA'S FISHING. 87 

Ringing far across the water. 

From the white sand of the bottom 
Up he rose with angry gesture, 
Quivering in each nerve and fibre. 
Clashing all his plates of armor, 
Gleaming bright Avith all his war-paint ; 
In his wrath, he darted upward, 
Flashing leaped into the sunshine. 
Opened his great jaws, and swalloAved 
Both canoe and Hiawatha. 

Down into that darksome cavern 
Plunged the headlong Hiawatha, 
As a log on some black river 
Shoots and plunges down the rapids, 
Found himself in utter darkness, 
Groped about in helpless wonder, 
Till he felt a great heart beating. 
Throbbing in that utter darkness. 

And he smote it in his anger. 
With his fist, the heart of N^ahma, 
Felt the mighty King of Fishes 
Shudder through each nerve and fibre. 
Heard the water gurgle round him 
As he leaped and staggered through it, 



88 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Sick at heart, and faint and weary. 

Crosswise then did Hiawatha 
Drag his birch canoe for safety, 
Lest from out the jaws of Nahma, 
In the turmoil and confusion. 
Forth he might be hurled and perish. 
And the squirrel, Adjidaumo, 
Frisked and chattered very gayly, 
Toiled and tugged with Hiawatha 
Till the labor was completed. 

Then said Hiawatha to him : 
" O my little friend, the squirrel. 
Bravely have you toiled to help me ; 
Take the thanks of Hiawatha, 
And the name which now he gives you 
For hereafter and for ever 
Boys shall call you Adjidaumo, 
Tail-in-air the boys shall call you ! " 

And again the sturgeon, l^ahma 
Gasped and quivered in the water. 
Then was still, and drifted landward 
Till he grated on the pebbles. 
Till the listening Hiawatha 
Heard him grate upon the margin, 



HIAWATHA'S FISHING. 89 

Felt him strand upon the pebbles, 
Knew that Nahma, King of Fishes, 
Lay there dead upon the margin. 

Then he heard a clang and flapping, 
As of many wings assembling, 
Heard a screaming and confusion. 
As of birds of prey contending, 
Saw a gleam of light above him, 
Shining through the ribs of Nahma, 
Saw the glittering eyes of sea-gulls, 
Of Kayoshk, the sea-gulls, peering. 
Gazing at him through the opening. 
Heard them saying to each other, 
" 'T is our brother, Hiawatha ! " 

And he shouted from below them. 
Cried exulting from the caverns : 
" O ye sea-gulls ! O my brothers ! 
I have slain the sturgeon, j^ahma ; 
Make the rifts a little larger. 
With your claws the openings widen. 
Set me free from this dark prison. 
And henceforward and for ever 
Men shall speak of your achievements, 
Calling you Kayoshk, the sea-gulls, 



90 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Yes, Kayoshk, the Noble Scratchers ! " 

And the wild and clamorous sea-gulls 
Toiled with beak and claws together, 
Made the rifts and openings wider 
In the mighty ribs of I^ahma, 
And from peril and from prison. 
From the body of the sturgeon. 
From the pearl of the water, 
Was released my Hiawatha. 

He was standing near his wigwam, 
On the margin of the water. 
And he called to old Nokomis, 
Called and beckoned to Nokomis, 
Pointed to the sturgeon, ISTahma, 
Lying lifeless on the pebbles, 
With the sea-gulls feeding on him. 

" I have slain the Mishe-N^ahma, 
Slain the King of Fishes ! " said he ; 
" Look ! the sea-gulls feed upon him. 
Yes, my friend Kayoshk, the sea-gulls ; 
Drive them not away, I^okomis, 
They have saved me from great peril 
In the body of the sturgeon, 
"Wait until their meal is ended, 



HIAWATHA'S FISHING. 91 

Till their craws are full with feasting, 
Till they homeward fly, at sunset, 
To their nests among the marshes ; 
Then bring all your pots and kettles, 
And make oil for us in Winter." 

And she waited till the sun set. 
Till the pallid moon, the night-sun, 
Rose above the tranquil water, 
Till Kayoshk, the sated sea-gulls, 
From their banquet rose with clamor, 
And across the fiery sunset 
Winged their way to far-off islands, 
To their nests among the rushes. 

To his sleep went Hiawatha, 
And Nokomis to her labor. 
Toiling patient in the moonlight. 
Till the sun and moon changed places, 
Till the sky was red with sunrise, 
And Kayoshk, the hungry sea-gulls. 
Came back from the reedy islands, 
Clamorous for their morning banquet. 

Three whole days and nights alternate 
Old Nokomis and the sea-gulls 
Stripped the oily flesh of Nahma, 



92 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Till the waves washed through the rib-bones, 
Till the sea-gulls came no longer, 
And upon the sands lay nothing 
But the skeleton of IN^ahma. 



IX. 

HIAWATHA AND THE PEAKL-FEATHEE. 

On the shores of Gitche Gumee, 

Of the shining Big-Sea- Water 

Stood JSTokomiSj the old woman, 

Pointing with her finger westward, 

O'er the water pointing westward, 

To the purple clouds of sunset. 

Fiercely the red sun descending 

Burned his way along the heavens, 

Set the sky on fire behind him, 

As war-parties, when retreating, 

Burn the prairies on their war-trail ; 

And the moon, the night-sun, eastward. 

Suddenly starting from his ambush, 

Followed fast those bloody footprints. 

Followed in that fiery war-trail. 

With its glare upon his features. 

And Nokomis, the old woman, 

93 



94 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Pointing with her finger westward, 
Spake these words to Hiawatha : 
" Yonder dwells the great Pearl-Feather, 
Megissogwon, the Magician, 
Manito of Wealth and Wampum, 
Guarded by his fiery serpents. 
Guarded by the black pitch- water. 
You can see his fiery serpents. 
The Kenabeek, the great serpents. 
Coiling, playing in the water ; 
You can see the black pitch- water 
Stretching far away beyond them. 
To the purple clouds of sunset ! 

" He it was who slew my father. 
By his wicked wiles and cunning, 
When he from the moon descended. 
When he came on earth to seek me. 
He, the mightiest of Magicians, 
Sends the fever from the marshes. 
Sends the pestilential vapors, 
Sends the poisonous exhalations, 
Sends the white fog from the fen-lands, 
Sends disease and death among us ! 

" Take your bow, O Hiawatha, 



HIAWATHA AND THE PEARL-FEATHER. 95 

Take your arrows, jasper-headed, 
Take your war-club, Puggawaugun, 
And your mittens, Minjekahwun, 
And your birch-canoe for sailing, 
And the oil of Mishe-Nahma, 
So to smear its sides, that swiftly 
You may pass the black pitch-water ; 
Slay this merciless magician, 
Save the people from the fever 
That he breathes across the fen-lands, 
And avenge my father's murder ? " 

Straightway then my Hiawatha 
Armed himself with all his war-gear. 
Launched his birch-canoe for sailing ; 
With his palm its sides he patted. 
Said with glee : " Cheemaun, my darling, 
O my Birch-Canoe ! leap forward, 
"Where you see the fiery serpents. 
Where you see the black pitch-water ! " 

Forward leaped Cheemaun exulting, 
And the noble Hiawatha 
Sang his war-song wild and woeful, 
And above him the war-eagle. 
The Keneu, the great war-eagle, 



THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Master of all fowls with feathers, 
Screamed and hurtled through the heaven. 

Soon he reached the fiery serpents, 
The Kenabeek, the great serpents, 
Lying huge upon the ^vater. 
Sparkling, rippling in the water. 
Lying coiled across the passage, 
With their blazing crests uplifted. 
Breathing fiery fogs and vapors. 
So that none could pass beyond them. 

Bat the fearless Hiawatha 
Cried aloud, and spake in this wise : 
" Let me pass my way, Kenabeek, 
Let me go upon my journey ! " 
And they answered, hissing fiercely, 
With their fiery breath made answer : 
" Back, go back ! O Shaugodaya ! * 
Back to old Nokomis, Faint-heart ! " 

Then the angry Hiawatha 
Baised his mighty bow of ash-tree, 
Seized his arrows, jasper-headed, 
Shot them fast among the serpents ; 
Every twanging of the bow-string 
1 Coward, 



HIAWATHA AND THE PEARL-FEATHER. 97 

Was a war-cry and a death-cry, 
Every whizzing of an arrow 
Was a death-song of Kenabeek. 

Weltering in the bloody water, 
Dead lay all the fiery serpents, 
And among them Hiawatha 
Harmless sailed, and cried exulting : 
" Onward, O Cheemaun,^ my darling ! 
Onward to the black pitch-water ! " 

Then he took the oil of Nahma, 
And the bows and sides anointed, 
Smeared them well wuth oil, that swiftly 
He might pass the black pitch- water. 

All night long he sailed upon it. 

Sailed upon that sluggish water. 

Covered with its mould of ages. 

Black with, rotting water-rushes. 

Rant with flags and leaves of lilies. 

Stagnant, lifeless, drear}^, dismal. 

Lighted by the shimmering moonlight, 

And by will-o'-the-wisps illumined. 

Fires by ghosts of dead men kindled, 

In their weary night encampments. 

1 Canoe. 
7 



98 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

All the air was white with moonlight, 
All the water black with shadow, 
And around him the Suggema, 
The mosquitos, sang their war-song, 
And the fire-flies, Wah-wah-taysee, 
Waved their torches to mislead him ; 
And the bull-frog, the Dahinda, 
Thrust his head into the moon-light. 
Fixed his yellow eyes upon him, 
Sobbed and sank beneath the surface ; 
And anon a thousand whistles. 
Answered over all the fen-lands, 
And the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
Far off on the reedy margin. 
Heralded the hero's coming. 

Westward thus fared Hiawatha, 
Toward the realm of Megissogwon, 
Toward the land of the Pearl-Feather, 
Till the level moon stared at him. 
In his face stared pale and haggard, 
Till the sun was hot behind him. 
Till it burned upon his shoulders, 
And before him on the upland 
He could see the Shining Wigwam 



HIAWATHA AND THE PEARL-FEATHER. 99 

Of the Manito of Wampum, 
Of the mightiest of Magicians. 

Then once more Cheemaun he patted, 
To his birch-canoe said, " Onward ! " 
And it stirred in all its fibres. 
And with one great bound of triumph 
Leaped across the water-lilies, 
Leaped through tangled flags and rushes, 
And upon the beach beyond them 
Dry-shod landed Hiawatha. 

Straight he took his bow of ash-tree. 
One end on the sand he rested. 
With his knee he pressed the middle. 
Stretched the faithful bow-string tighter. 
Took an arrow, jasper-headed. 
Shot it at the Shining Wigwam, 
Sent it singing as a herald. 
As a bearer of his message, 
Of his challenge loud and lofty : 
" Come forth from your lodge, Pearl-Feather ! 
Hiawatha w^aits jour coming ! " 

Straightway from the Shining Wigwam 
Came the mighty Megissogwon, 
Tall of stature, broad of shoulder, 



100 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Dark and terrible in aspect, 
Clad from head to foot in wampum, 
Armed with all his warlike weapons, 
Painted like the sky of morning, 
Streaked with crimson, blue and yellow. 
Crested with great eagle-feathers. 
Streaming upward, streaming outward. 

'' Well I know you, Hiawatha ! " 
Cried he in a voice of thunder. 
In a tone of loud derision. 
" Hasten back, O Shaugodaya ! 
Hasten back among the women, 
Back to old Nokomis, Faint-heart ! 
I will slay you as you stand there. 
As of old I slew her father ! " 

But my Hiawatha answered, 
Kothing daunted, fearing nothing : 
" Big words do not smite like Avar-clubs, 
Boastful breath is not a bow-string. 
Taunts are not so sharp as arrows. 
Deeds are better things than words are, 
Actions mightier than boastings ! " 

Then began the greatest battle 
That the sun had ever looked on, 



HIAWATHA AND THE PEARL-FEATHER. 101 
That the war-birds ever witnessed. 
All a Summer's day it lasted, 
From the sunrise to the sunset ; 
For the shafts of Hiawatha 
Harmless hit the shirt of wampum, 
Harmless fell the blows he dealt it 
With his mittens, Minjekahwun, 
Harmless fell the heavy war-club ; 
It could dash the rocks asunder. 
But it could not break the meshes 
Of that magic shirt of wampum. 

Till at sunset Hiawatha, 
Leaning on his bow of ash^-tree. 
Wounded, weary, and desponding, 
With his mighty war-club broken. 
With his mittens torn and tattered. 
And three useless arrows only. 
Paused to rest beneath a pine-tree 
From whose branches trailed the mosses, 
And whose trunk was coated over 
With the Dead-man's Moccasin-leather, 
With the fungus white and yellow. 

Suddenly from the boughs above him 
Sang the Mama, the woodpecker : 



102 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" Aim your arrows, Hiawatha, 
At the head of Megissogwon, 
Strike the tuft of hair upon it, 
At their roots the long black tresses ; 
There alone can he be wounded ! " 

Winged with feathers, tipped with jasper, 
Swift flew Hiawatha's arrow, 
Just as Megissogwon, stooping. 
Raised a heavy stone to throw it. 
Full upon the crown it struck him. 
At the roots of his long tresses, 
And he reeled and staggered forward. 
Plunging like a wounded bison. 
Yes, like Pezhekee, the bison. 
When the snow is on the prairie. 

Swifter flew the second arrow. 
In the pathway of the other. 
Piercing deeper than the other, 
Wounding sorer than the other ; 
And the knees of Megissogwon 
Shook like windy reeds beneath him, 
Bent and trembled like the rushes. 

But the third and latest arrow 
Swiftest flew, and wounded sorest, 



HIAWATHA AND THE PEARL-FEATHER. 103 

And the mighty Megissogwon 
Saw the fiery eyes of Pauguk, 
Saw the eyes of Death glare at him, 
Heard his voice call in the darkness ; 
At the feet of Hiawatha 
Lifeless lay the great Pearl-Feather, 
Lay the mightiest of Magicians. 

Then the grateful Hiawatha 
Called the Mama, the woodpecker, 
From his perch among the branches 
Of the melancholy pine-tree. 
And, in honor of his service. 
Stained with blood the tuft of feathers 
On the little head of Mama ; 
Even to this day he wears it, 
Wears the tuft of crimson feathers. 
As a symbol of his service. 

Then he stripped the shirt of wampum 
From the back of Megissogwon, 
As a trophy of the battle. 
As a signal of his conquest. 
On the shore he left the body, 
Half on land and half in water. 
In the sand his feet were buried, 



104 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

And his face was in the water. 
And above him, wheeled and clamored 
The Keneu, the great war-eagle, 
Sailing round in narrower circles, 
Hovering nearer, nearer, nearer. 

From the wigwam Hiawatha 
Bore the wealth of Megissogwon, 
All his wealth of skins and w^ampum, 
Furs of bison and of beaver. 
Furs of sable and of ermine. 
Wampum belts and strings and pouches. 
Quivers wrought with beads of wampum, 
Filled with arrows, silver-headed. 

Homeward then he sailed exulting, 
Homeward through the black pitch-water, 
Homeward through the w^eltering serpents, 
With the trophies of the battle. 
With a shout and song of triumph. 

On the shore stood old Nokomis, 
On the shore stood Chibiabos, 
And the very strong man, Kwasind, 
Waiting for the hero's coming. 
Listening to his song of triumph. 
And the people of the village 



HIAWATHA AND THE PEARL-FEATHER. 105 

Welcomed hirn with songs and dances 
Made a joyous feast, and shouted : 
" Honor be to Hiawatha ! 
He has slain the great Pearl-Feather, 
Slain the mightiest of Magicians, 
Him, who sent the fiery fever. 
Sent the white fog from the fen-lands. 
Sent disease and death among us ! " 

Ever dear to Hiawatha 
Was the memory of Mama ! 
And in token of his friendship. 
As a mark of his remembrance, 
He adorned and decked his pipe-stem 
With the crimson tuft of feathers. 
With the blood-red crest of Mama. 
But the wealth of Megissogwon, 
All the trophies of the battle, 
He divided with his people. 
Shared it equally among them. 



X. 

Hiawatha's wooing. 

" As unto the bow the cord is, 

So unto the man is woman, 

Though she bends him, she obeys him, 

Though she draws him, yet she follows, 

Useless each without the other ! " 

Thus the youthful Hiawatha 
Said within himself and pondered. 
Much perplexed by various feelings, 
Listless, longing, hoping, fearing. 
Dreaming still of Minnehaha, 
Of the lovely Laughing Water, 
In the land of the Dacotahs. 

" Wed a maiden of your people," 

Warning said the old Nokomis ; 

" Go not eastward, go not westward. 

For a stranger, whom we know not ! 
1 06 



HIAWATHA'S WOOING. 107 

Like a fire upon the hearth-stone 
Is a neighbor's homely daughter, 
Like the starlight or the moonlight 
Is the handsomest of strangers ! " 

Thus dissuading spake E'okomis, 
And my Hiawatha answered 
Only this : " Dear old Nokomis, 
Yery pleasant is the firelight, 
But I like the starlight better. 
Better do I like the moonlight ! " 

Gravely then said old Nokomis : 
" Bring not here an idle maiden. 
Bring not here a useless woman, 
Hands unskilful, feet unwilling ; 
Bring a wife with nimble fingers. 
Heart and hand that move together. 
Feet that run on willing errands ! " 

Smiling answered Hiawatha : 
" In the land of the Dacotahs 
Lives the Arrow-maker's daughter, 
Minnehaha, Laughing Water, 
Handsomest of all the women. 
I will bring her to your wigwam. 
She shall run upon your errands. 



108 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Be your starlight, moonlight, firelight. 
Be the sunlight of my people ! " 

Still dissuading said JS^okomis : 
" Bring not to my lodge a stranger 
From the land of the Dacotahs ! 
Yery fierce are the Dacotahs, 
Often is there war between us. 
There are feuds yet unforgotten, 
Wounds that ache and still may open ! " 

Laughing answered Hiawatha : 
" For that reason, if no other, 
Would I wed the fair Dacotah, 
That our tribes might be united. 
That old feuds might be forgotten. 
And old wounds be healed for ever ! " 

Thus departed Hiawatha 
To the land of the Dacotahs, 
To the land of handsome women ; 
Striding over moor and meadow. 
Through interminable forests. 
Through uninterrupted silence. 

With his moccasins of magic, 
At each stride a mile he measured ; 
Yet the way seemed long before him, 



HIAWATHA'S WOOING. I09 

And his heart outrun his footsteps ; 
And he journeyed without resting, 
Till he heard the cataract's thunder, 
Heard the Falls of Minnehaha 
Calling to hira through the silence. 
" Pleasant is the sound ! " he murmured, 
" Pleasant is the voice that calls me ! " 

On the outskirts of the forest, 
'Twixt the shadow and tbe sunshine, 
Herds of fallow deer Avere feeding, 
But they saw not Hiawatha ; 
To his bow he whispered, " Fail not ! " 
To his arrow whispered, " Swerve not ! " 
Sent it singing on its errand, 
To the red heart of the roebuck ; 
Threw the deer across his shoulder. 
And sped forward without pausing. 

At the doorway of his wigwam 
Sat the ancient Arrow-maker, 
In the land of the Dacotahs, 
Making arrow-heads of jasper. 
Arrow-heads of chalcedony. 
At his side, in all her beauty, 
Sat the lovely Minnehaha, 



110 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Sat his daughter, Laughing Water, 
Plaiting mats of flags and rushes ; 
Of the past the old man's thoughts were, 
And the maiden's of the future. 

He was thinking, as he sat there. 
Of the days when with such arrows 
He had struck the deer and bison, 
On the Muskoday, the meadow ; 
Shot the wild goose, flying southward, 
On the wing, the clamorous Wawa; 
Thinking of the great war-parties. 
How they came to buy his arrows. 
Could not fight without his arrows. 
Ah, no more such noble Avarriors 
Could be found on earth as they were ! 
ITow the men were all like women, 
Only used their tongues for weapons ! 

She was thinking of a hunter. 
From another tribe and country. 
Young and tall and very handsome. 
Who one morning, in the Spring-time, 
Came to buy her father's arrows. 
Sat and rested in the wigwam, 
Lingered long about the doorway, 



HIAWATHA'S WOOING. m 

Looking back as he departed. 
She had heard her father praise him, 
Praise his courage and his wisdom ; 
Would he come again for arrows 
To the Falls of Minnehaha ? 
On the mat her hands lay idle, 
And her eyes were very dreamy. 

Through their thoughts they heard a footstep, 
Heard a rustling in the branches. 
And with glowing cheek and forehead, 
With the deer upon his shoulders. 
Suddenly from out the w^oodlands 
Hiawatha stood before them. 

Straight the ancient Arrow-maker 
Looked up gravely from his labor. 
Laid aside the unfinished arrow. 
Bade him enter at the doorway. 
Saying, as he rose to meet him : 
" Hiawatha, you are welcome ! " 

At the feet of Laughing Water 
Hiawatha laid his burden. 
Threw the red deer from his shoulders ; 
And the maiden looked up at him. 
Looked up from her mat of rushes, 



112 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Said with gentle look and accent : 
" You are welcome, Hiawatha ! " 

Yery spacious was the wigwam, 
Made of deer-skin dressed and whitened,^ 
With the Gods of the Dacotahs 
Drawn and painted on its curtains, 
And so tall the doorway, hardly 
Hiawatha stooped to enter. 
Hardly touched his eagle-feathers 
As he entered at the doorway. 

Then uprose the Laughing Water, 
From the ground fair Minnehaha, 
Laid aside her mat unfinished, 
Brought forth food and set before them, 
. Water brought them from the brooklet. 
Gave them food in earthen vessels, 
Gave them drink in bowls of bass-wood, 
Listened while the guest was speaking. 
Listened while her father answered. 
But not once her lips she opened, 
Not a single word she uttered. 

Yes, as in a dream she listened 
To the words of Hiawatha, 

1 Whitened with white clay. (Parkman.) 



HIAWATHA'S WOOING. 113 

As he talked of old JSTokomis, 

Who had nursed him in his childhood, 

As he told of his companions, 

Chibiabos, the musician, 

And the very strong man, Kwasind, 

And of happiness and plenty 

In the land of the Ojibways, 

In the pleasant land and peaceful. 

" After many years of Avarf are. 
Many years of strife and bloodshed, 
There is peace between the Ojibways 
And the tribe of the Dacotahs." 
Thus continued Hiawatha, 
And then added, speaking slowly : 
" That this peace may last for ever, 
And our hands be clasped more closely. 
And our hearts be more united. 
Give me as my wife this maiden, 
Minnehaha, Laughing Water, 
Loveliest of Dacotah women ! " 

And the ancient Arrow-maker 
Paused a moment ere he answered. 
Smoked a little while in silence. 
Looked at Hiawatha proudly, 



114 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Fondly looked at Laughing Water, 
And made answer very gravely : 
" Yes, if Minnehaha wishes ; 
Let your heart speak, Minnehaha ! " 

And the lovely Laughing Water 
Seemed more lovely, as she stood there, 
Neither willing nor reluctant. 
As she went to Hiawatha, 
Softly took the seat beside him. 
While she said, and blushed to say it, 
" I will follow you, my husband ! " 

This was Hiawatha's wooing ! 
Thus it was he won the daughter 
Of the ancient Arrow-mjd^er, 
In the land of the Dacotahs ! 

From the wigwam he departed, 
Leading with him Laughing Water ; 
Hand in hand they went together. 
Through the woodland and the meadow, 
Left the old man standing lonely 
At the doorway of his wigwam. 
Heard the Falls of Minnehaha 
Calling to them from the distance. 
Crying to them from afar off : 



HIAWATHA'S WOOING. 115 

" Fare thee well, O Minnehaha ! " 

And the ancient Arrow-maker 
Turned again unto his labor, 
Sat down b}^ his sunny doorway, 
Murmuring to himself, and saying : 
" Thus it is our daughters leave us. 
Those we love, and those who love us ! 
Just when they have learned to help us. 
When we are old and lean upon them. 
Comes a youth with flaunting feathers. 
With his flute of reeds, a stranger 
Wanders piping through the village. 
Beckons to the fairest maiden. 
And she follows where he leads her. 
Leaving all things for the stranger ! " 

Pleasant was the journey homeward. 
Through interminable forests. 
Over meadow, over mountain, 
Over river, hill, and hollow. 
Short it seemed to Hiawatha, 
Though they journeyed very slowly, 
Though his pace he checked and slackened 
To the steps of Laughing Water. 



116 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Over wide and rushing xi vers 
In bis arras he bore the maiden ; 
Light be thought her as a feather, 
As the plume upon bis bead-gear ; 
Cleared the tangled pathway for her, 
Bent aside the swaying branches. 
Made at night a lodge of branches. 
And a bed with boughs of hemlock, 
And a fire before the doorway 
With the dry cones of the pine-tree. 

Ail the travelling winds w^ent with them 
O'er the meadow, through the forest ; 
All the stars of night looked at them, 
Watched with sleepless eyes their slumber ; 
From his ambush in the oak-tree 
Peeped the squirrel, Adjidaumo, 
Watched with eager eyes the lovers ; 
And the rabbit, the Wabasso, 
Scampered from the path before them. 
Peering, peeping from his burrow. 
Sat erect upon his haunches. 
Watched with curious eyes the lovers. 

Pleasant was the journey homeward ! 
All the birds sang loud and sweetly 



HIAWATHA'S WOOING. II7 

Songs of happiness and heart's-ease : 
Sang the blue-bird, the 0\Yaissa : 
'' Happy are you, Hiawatha, 
Having such a wife to love you ! " 
Sang the Opechee, the robin : 
" Happy are you, Laughing Water, 
Having such a noble husband ! " 

From the sky the sun benignant 
Looked upon them through the branches, 
Saying to them, " O my children. 
Love is sunshine, hate is shadow, 
Life is checkered shade and sunshine, 
Eule by love, Hiawatha ! " 
, From the sky the moon looked at them, 
Filled the lodge with mystic splendors, 
Whispered to them : " O my children, 
Day is restless, night is quiet, 
Man imperious, woman feeble ; 
Half is mine, although I follow ; 
Rule by patience. Laughing Water ! " 
j Thus it was they journe3^ed homeward ; 
jThus it was that Hiawatha, 
To the lodge of old ITokomis 
Brought the moonlight, starlight, firelight, 



118 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

iBrought the sunshine of bis people, 
Minnehaha, Laughing Water, 
Handsomest of all the women 
In the land of the Dacotahs, 
In the land of handsome women. 



XI. 



You shall hear how Pau-Puk-Keewis,' 

How the handsome Yenadizze 

Danced at Hiawatha's wedding ; 

How the gentle Chibiabos, 

He the sweetest of musicians, 

Sang his songs of love and longing ; 

How lagoo, the great boaster, 

He the marvellous story-teller. 

Told his tales of strange adventure, 

That the feast might be more joyous. 

That the time might pass more gayly, 

And the guests be more contented. 

Sumptuous was the feast Nokomis 

Made at Hiawatha's weddino^ : 

All the bowls were made of bass-wood, 

White and polished very smootldy, 

1 The Storm Fool. (See below.) 

119 



120 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

All the spoons of horn of bison, 
Black and polished very smoothly. 

She had sent through all the village 
Messengers with wands of willow, 
As a sign of invitation, 
As a token of the feasting ; 
And the wedding guests assembled, 
Clad in all their richest raiment, 
Eobes of fur and belts of wampum, 
Splendid with their paint and plumage, 
Beautiful with beads and tassels. 

First they ate the sturgeon, Nahma, 
And the pike, the Maskenozha, 
Caught and cooked by old JSTokomis ; 
Then on pemican the}^ feasted, 
Pemican and buffalo marrow, 
Haunch of deer and hump of bison, 
Yellow cakes of the Mondamin, 
And the wild rice of the river. 

But the gracious Hiawatha, 
And the lovely Laughing Water, 
And the careful old Nokomis, 
Tasted not the food before them, 
Only waited on the others, 



HIAWATHA'S WEDDING-FEAST. 121 

Only served their guests in silence. 

And when all the guests had finished, 
Old Nokomis, brisk and busy, 
From an ample pouch of otter, 
Filled the red stone pipes for smoking 
With tobacco from the South-land, 
Mixed with bark of the red willow. 
And with herbs and leaves of fragTance. 

Then she said : " O Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Dance for us your merry dances, 
Dance the Beggar's Dance to please us. 
That the feast may be more joyous. 
That the time may pass more gayly. 
And our guests be more contented ! " 

Then the handsome Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
He the idle Yenadizze, 
He the merry mischief-maker. 
Whom the people called the Storm-Fool, 
Eose among the guests assembled. 

Skilled was he in sports and pastimes, 
In the merry dance of snow-shoes. 
In the play of quoits and ball-play ; 
Skilled was he in games of hazard. 
In all games of skill and hazard, 



122 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Pugasaing, the Bowl and Counters, 
Kuntassoo, the Game of Pkim-stones. 

Though the warriors called him Faint-Heart, 
Called him coward, Shaugodaja, 
Idler, gambler, Yenadizze, 
Little heeded he their jesting, 
Little cared he for their insults. 
For the women and the maidens 
Loved the handsome Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

He was dressed in skirt of doe-skin. 
White and soft, and fringed with ermine, 
All inwrought with beads of wampum ; 
He was dressed in deer-skin leggings. 
Fringed with hedgehog quills and ermine, 
And in moccasins of buckskin. 
Thick with quills and beads embroidered. 
On his head were plumes of swan's down, 
On his heels were tails of foxes. 
In one hand a fan of feathers. 
And a pipe was in the other. 

Barred with streaks of red and yellow, 
Streaks of blue and bright vermilion, 
Shone the face of Pau-Puk-Keewis. 
From his forehead fell his tresses, 



HIAWATHA'S WEDDING-FEAST. 123 

Smooth, and parted like a woman's, 
Shining bright with oil, and plaited. 
Hung with braids of scented grasses, 
As among the guests assembled. 
To the sound of flutes and singing, 
To the sound of drums and voices, 
Eose the handsome Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
And began his mystic dances. 

First he danced a solemn measure, 
Yery slow in step and gesture. 
In and out among the pine-trees. 
Through the shadows and the sunshine. 
Treading softly like a panther. 
Then more swiftly and still SAvifter, 
Whirling, spinning round in circles, 
Leaping o'er the guests assembled. 
Eddying round and round the wigwam, 
Till the leaves went w^hirling with him, 
Till the dust and wind together 
Swept in eddies round about him. 

Then along the sandy margin 
Of the lake, the Big-Sea- Water, 
On he sped with frenzied gestures, 
Stamped upon the sand, and tossed it 



124 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Wildly in the air around him ; 
Till the wind became a whirlwind, 
Till the sand was blown and sifted 
Like great snowdrifts o'er the landscape, 
Heaping all the shores with Sand Dunes, 
Sand Hills of the ^Nagow AYudjoo P 

Thus the merry Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Danced his Beggar's Dance to please them. 
And, returning, sat down laughing 
There among the guests assembled, 
Sat and fanned himself serenely 
"With his fan of turkey-feathers. 

Then they said to Chibiabos, 
To the friend of Hiawatha, 
To the sweetest of all singers. 



1 A description of the Grand Sable, or great sand dunes of 
Lake Superior, is given in Foster and Whitney's Report on 
the Geology of the Lake Siq^erior Land District, Part II,, p. 131. 

" The Grand Sable possesses a scenic interest little inferior 
to that of the Pictured Eocks. The explorer passes abruptly 
from a coast of consolidated sand to one of loose materials ; 
and although in tlie one case the cliffs are less precipitous, 
yet in the other they attain a higher altitude. He sees before 
him a long reach of coast, resembling a vast sand-bank, more 
than three hundred and fifty feet in height, without a trace 
of vegetation. Ascending to the top, rounded hillocks of 
blown sand are observed, with occasional clumps of trees, 
standing out like oases in the desert," 



HIAWATHA'S WEDDING-FEAST. 125 

To the best of all musicians : — ■ 
" Sing to us, O Chibiabos ! 
Songs of love and songs of longing, 
That the feast may be more joyous, 
That the time may pass more gaylj^. 
And our guests be more contented ! " 

And the gentle Chibiabos 
Sang in accents sweet and tender. 
Sang in tones of deep emotion, 
Songs of love and songs of longing ; 
Looking still at Hiawatha, 
Looking at fair Laughing Water, 
Sang he softly, sang in this wise : 

" Onaway ! Awake, beloved ! ^ 
Thou the wild-flower of the forest ! 
Thou the Avild-bird of the prairie ! 
Thou with eyes so soft and fawn-like ! 

" If thou only lookest at me, 
I am happy, I am happy, 
As the lilies of the prairie, 
"When they feel the dew upon them ! 

" Sweet thy breath is as the fragrance 

1 The original of this song may be found in LittelVs Living 
Age, Vol, XXV., p. 45. 



126 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Of the wild-flowers in the morning, 

As their fragrance is at evening, 

In the Moon when leaves are falling. 

" Does not all the blood Avithin me 
Leap to meet thee, leap to meet thee, 
As the springs to meet the sunshine, 
In the Moon when nights are brightest ? 

" Onaway ! my heart sings to thee. 
Sings with joy when thou art near me. 
As the sighing, singing branches 
In the pleasant Moon of Strawberries ! 

" When thou art not pleased, beloved. 
Then my heart is sad and darkened. 
As the shining river darkens 
"When the clouds drop shadows on it ! 

" When thou smilest, my beloved. 
Then my troubled heart is brightened, 
As in sunshine gleam the ripples 
That the cold wind makes in rivers. 

" Smiles the earth, and smile the waters, 
Smile the cloudless skies above us. 
But I lose the way of smiling 
When thou art no longer near me ! 

^' I myself, myself ! behold me ! 



HIAWATHA'S WEDDING-FEAST. 127 

Blood of my beating heart behold me ! 
O awake, awake, beloved ! 
Onaway ! awake, beloved ! " 

Thus the gentle Chibiabos 
Sang his song of love and longing ; 
And lagoo, the great boaster. 
He the marvellous story-teller, 
He the friend of old l!^okomis. 
Jealous of the sweet musician, 
Jealous of the applause they gave him, 
Saw in all the eyes around him. 
Saw in all their looks and gestures. 
That the wedding guests assembled 
Longed to hear his pleasant stories. 
His immeasurable falsehoods. 

Yery boastful w^as lagoo ; 
[NTever heard he an adventure 
But himself had met a greater ; 
Never any deed of daring 
But himself had done a bolder ; 
Never any marvellous story 
But himself could tell a stranger. 

Would you listen to his boasting, 
Would you only give him credence, . 



128 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

No one ever shot an arrow 
Half so far and high as he had ; 
Ever caught so many fishes, 
Ever killed so many reindeer, 
Ever trapped so many beaver I 

None could run so fast as he could, 
None could dive so deep as he could, 
None could swim so far as he could ; 
None had made so many journeys. 
None had seen so many Avonders, 
As this wonderful lagoo, 
As this marvellous story-teller ! 

Thus his name became a by-word 
And a jest among the people ; 
And whene'er a boastful hunter 
Praised his own address too highly, 
Or a ^varrior, home returning, 
Talked too much of his achievements, 
All his hearers cried : " lagoo ! 
Here's lagoo come among us ! " 

He it was who carved the cradle 
Of the little Hiawatha, 
Carved its framework out of linden, 
Bound it strong with reindeer sinews ; 



HIAWATHA'S WEDDING-FEAST. 129 

He it was who taught him later 
How to make his bows and arrows, 
How to make the bows of ash- tree, 
And the arrows of the oak-tree. 
So among the guests assembled 
At my Hiawatha's wedding 
Sat lagoo, old and ugly. 
Sat the marvellous story-teller. 

And they said : " O good lagoo. 
Tell us now a tale of wonder, 
Tell us of some strange adventure, 
That the feast may be more joyous. 
That the time may pass more gayly. 
And our guests be more contented ! " 

And lagoo answered straightway : 
" You shall hear a tale of wonder. 
You shall hear the strange adventures 
Of Osseo, the Magician, 
From the Evening Star descended." 



XII. 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 

Can it be the sun descending 
O'er the level plain of water ? 
Or the Ked Swan floating, flying/ 
Abounded by the magic arrow, 

1 The fanciful tradition of the Red Swan may be found in 
Schoolcraft's Algic Researches, Vol. II., p. 9. Three brothers 
were hunting on a wager to see who would bring home the 
first game. 

" They were to shoot no other animal," so the legend says, 
" but such as each was in the habit of killing. They set out 
different ways ; Odjibwa, the youngest, had not gone far be- 
fore he saw a bear, an animal he was not to kill, by the agree- 
ment. He followed him close, and drove an arrow through 
him, which brought him to tlie ground. Although contrary 
to the bet, he immediately commenced skinning him, when 
suddenly something red tinged all the air around him. He 
rubbed his eyes, thinking he was perhaps deceived, but with- 
out effect, for the red hue continued. At length he heard a 
strange noise at a distance. It first appeared like a human 
voice ; but after following the sound for some distance, lie 
reached the shores of a lake, and soon saw the object he was 
looking for. At a distance out in the lake sat a most beauti- 
ful Red Swan, whose plumage glittered in the sun, and who 
w^oukl now and then make the same noise he had heard. 
He was within long bow-shot, and pulling the arrow from the 
130 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 131 

Staining all the waves with crimson, 
With the crimson of its life-blood, 
Filling all the air with splendor, 
With the splendor of its plumage ? 
Yes ; it is the sun descending. 
Sinking down into the water ; 
All the sky is stained with purple. 
All the water flushed with crimson ! 
I^o ; it is the Red Swan floating, 
Diving down beneath the water ; 

bow-string up to his ear, took deliberate aim and shot. The 
arrow took no effect ; and he shot and shot again till his 
quiver was empty. Still the swan remained, moving round 
and round, stretching its long neck and dipping its bill into 
the water, as if heedless of the arrows shot at it. Odjibwa 
ran home, and got all his own and his brother's arrows, and 
shot them all away. He then stood and gazed at the beauti- 
ful bird. While standing, he remembered his brother's saying 
that in their deceased father's medicine-sack were three 
magic arrows. Off he started, his anxiety to kiU the swan 
overcoming all scruples. At any other time he would have 
deemed it sacrilege to open his father's medicine-sack ; but 
now he hastily seized the three arrows and ran back, leaving 
the other contents of the sack scattered over the lodge. The 
swan was still there. He shot the first arrow with great 
precision, and came very near to it. The second came still 
closer ; as he took the last arrow, he felt his arm firmer, 
and drawing it up with vigor, saw it pass through the neck 
of the swan a little above the breast. Still it did not prevent 
the bird from flying off, which it did, however, at first slowly, 
flapping its wings and rising gradually into the air, and then 
flying off toward the sinking of the sun." — Pp. 10-12. 



132 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

To the sky its Avings are lifted, 
With its blood the waves are reddened I 

Over it the Star of Evening 
Melts and trembles through the purple, 
Hangs suspended in the twilight. 
No ; it is a bead of Avarapum 
On the robes of the Great Spirit, 
As he passes through the twilight, 
Walks in silence through the heavens ! 

This with joy beheld lagoo 
And he said in haste : " Behold it ! 
See the sacred Star of Evening ! 
You shall hear a tale of wonder 
Hear the story of Osseo, 
Son of the Evening Star, Osseo ! 

" Once, in days no more remembered, 

Ages nearer the beginning. 
When the heavens were closer to us. 
And the Gods were more familiar. 
In the North-land lived a hunter, 
With ten young and comely daughters, 
Tall and lithe as wands of willow ; 
Only Oweenee, the youngest, 
She the wilful and the wayward. 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 133 

She the silent, dreamy maiden, 
Was the fairest of the sisters. 

" All these women married warriors, 
Married brave and haughty husbands ; 
Only Oweenee, the youngest, 
Laughed and flouted all her lovers, 
All her young and handsome suitors, 
And then married old Osseo, 
Old Osseo, poor and ugly. 
Broken with age and weak with coughing. 
Always coughing like a squirrel. 

" Ah, but beautiful within him 
Was the spirit of Osseo, 
From the Evening Star descended. 
Star of Evening, Star of Woman, 
Star of tenderness and passion ! 
All its fire was in his bosom. 
All its beauty in his spirit. 
All its mystery in his being, 
All its splendor in his language ! 

"And her lovers, the rejected. 
Handsome men with belts of wampum, 
Handsome men with paint and feathers, 
Pointed at her in derision. 



134 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Followed her with jest and laughter. 
But she said : ' I care not for you, 
Care not for your belts of wampum, 
Care not for your paint and feathers, 
Care not for your jests and laughter ; 
I am happy with Osseo ! ' 

" Once to some great feast invited, 
Through the damp and dusk of evening 
Walked together the ten sisters. 
Walked together with their husbands ; 
Slowly followed old Osseo, 
With fair Oweenee beside him ; 
All the others chatted gayly, 
These two only walked in silence. 

"At the western sky Osseo 
Gazed intent, as if imploring, 
Often stopped and gazed imploring 
At the trembling Star of Evening, 
At the tender Star of Woman ; 
And they heard him murmur softly : 
' Ah, showain 7iemeshin, Nosa ! * 
Pity, pity me, my father ! ' 

" ' Listen ! ' said the eldest sister, 
1 The following line is the translation of this. 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. I35 

' He is praying to his father ! 
What a pity that the old man 
Does not stumble in the pathway, 
Does not break his neck by falling ! ' 
And they laughed till all the forest 
Rang with their unseemly laughter. 

'' On their pathway through the woodlands 
Lay an oak, by storms uprooted. 
Lay the great trunk of an oak-tree, 
Buried half in leaves and mosses, 
Mouldering, crumbling, huge and hollow. 
And Osseo, when he saw it, 
Gave a shout, a cry of anguish. 
Leaped into its yawning cavern, 
At one end went in an old man, 
Wasted, wrinkled, old, and ugly ; 
From the other came a young man. 
Tall and straight and strong and handsome. 

" Thus Osseo Avas transfigured. 
Thus restored to youth and beauty ; 
But, alas for good Osseo, 
And for Oweenee, the faithful ! 
Strangely, too, was she transfigured. 
Changed into a weak old woman, 



136 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

With a staff she tottered onward, 
Wasted, wrinkled, old, and ugly ! 
And the sisters and their husbands 
Laughed until the echoing forest 
Rang with their unseemly laughter. 

" But Osseo turned not from her, 
Walked with slower step beside her, 
Took her band, as brown and withered 
As an oak-leaf is in Winter, 
Called her sweetheart, T^enemoosha, 
Soothed her with soft words of kindness, 
Till they reached the lodge of feasting, 
Till they sat down in the wigwam. 
Sacred to the Star of Evening, 
To the tender Star of Woman. 

" Wrapt in visions, lost in dreaming. 
At the banquet sat Osseo ; 
All were merry, all were happy. 
All were joyous but Osseo. 
Neither food nor drink he tasted, 
Neither did he speak nor listen. 
But as one bewildered sat he. 
Looking dreamily and sadly. 
First at Oweenee, then upward 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR, 137 

At the gleaming sky above them. 

" Then a voice was heard, a whisper, 
Coming from the starry distance. 
Coming from the empty vastness, 
Low, and musical, and tender ; 
And the voice said : ^ O Osseo ! 
O my son, my best beloved ! 
Broken are the spells that bound you, 
All the charms of the magicians, 
All the magic powers of evil ; 
Come to me ; ascend, Osseo ! 

" ^ Taste the food that stands before you ; 
It is blessed and enchanted. 
It has magic virtues in it, 
It will change you to a spirit. 
All your bowls and all your kettles 
Shall be wood and clay no longer ; 
But the bowls be changed to wampum. 
And the kettles shall be silver ; 
They shall shine like shells of scarlet. 
Like the fire shall gleam and glimmer. 

" ' And the women shall no longer 
Bear the dreary doom of labor. 
But be changed to birds, and glisten 



138 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

With the beauty of the starlight, 
Painted with the dusky splendors 
Of the skies and clouds of evening ! ' 

' What Osseo heard as whispers, 
What as words he comprehended. 
Was but music to the others, 
Music as of birds afar off, 
Of the whippoorwill afar off. 
Of the lonely Wawonaissa 
Sin^ino: in the darksome forest. 

" Then the lodge began to tremble. 
Straight began to shake and tremble, 
And they felt it rising, rising. 
Slowly through the air ascending. 
From the darkness of the tree-tops 
Forth into the dewy starlight, 
Till it passed the topmost branches ; 
And behold ! the wooden dishes 
All were changed to shells of scarlet ! 
And behold ! the earthen kettles 
All were changed to bowls of silver ! 
And the roof-poles of the wigwam 
Where as glittering rods of silver. 
And the roof of bark upon them 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 139 

As the shining shards of beetles. 

" Then Osseo gazed around him, 
And he saw the nine fair sisters, 
All the sisters and their husbands. 
Changed to birds of various plumage. 
Some were jays and some were magpies, 
Others thrushes, others blackbirds ; 
And they hopped, and sang, and twittered. 
Perked and fluttered all their feathers. 
Strutted in their shining plumage. 
And their tails like fans unfolded. 

" Only Oweenee, the youngest. 
Was not changed, but sat in silence. 
Wasted, wrinkled, old, and ugly. 
Looking sadly at the others ; 
Till Osseo, gazing upward. 
Gave another cry of anguish. 
Such a cry as he had uttered 
By the oak-tree in the forest. 

" Then returned her youth and beauty. 
And her soiled and tattered garments 
Were transformed to robes of ermine. 
And her staff became a feather. 
Yes, a shining silver feather ! 



140 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" And again the wigwam trembled, 
Swayed and rushed through airy currents. 
Through transparent cloud and vapor. 
And amid celestial splendors 
On the Evening Star alighted. 
As a snow-flake falls on snow-flake. 
As a leaf drops on a river, 
As the thistle-down on water. 

" Forth with cheerful words of welcome 
Came the father of Osseo, 
He with radiant locks of silver. 
He with eyes serene and tender. 
And he said : ' My son, Osseo, 
Hang the cage of birds you bring there. 
Hang the cage with rods of silver, 
And the birds with glistening feathers. 
At the doorway of my wigwam.' 

" At the door he hung the bird-cage. 
And they entered in and gladly 
Listened to Osseo's father, 
Euler of the Star of Evening, 
As he said : ' O my Osseo ! 
I have had compassion on you, 
Given you back your youth and beauty. 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 141 

Into birds of various plumage 
Changed your sisters and their husbands ; 
Changed them thus because they mocked you, 
In the figure of the old man, 
In that aspect sad and wrinkled, 
Could not see your heart of passion. 
Could not see your youth immortal ; 
Only 0\Yeenee, the faithful, 
Saw your naked heart and loved you. 
" ' In the lodge that glimmers yonder 

In the little star that twinkles 

Through the vapors, on the left hand, 

Lives the envious Evil Spirit, 

The Wabeno, the magician. 

Who transformed you to an old man. 

Take heed lest his beams fall on you, 

For the rays he darts around him 

Are the power of his enchantment. 

Are the arrows that he uses.' 

^' Many years, in peace and quiet. 

On the peaceful Star of Evening 

Dwelt Osseo with his father ; 

Many years, in song and flutter. 

At the doorway of the wigwam, 



142 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Hung the cage with rods of silver, 
And fair Oweenee, the faithful, 
Bore a son unto Osseo, 
With the beauty of his mother, 
With the courage of his father. 

" And the boy grew up and prospered, 
And Osseo, to delight him, 
Made him little bows and arrows. 
Opened the great cage of silver, 
And let loose his aunts and uncles, 
All those birds with glossy feathers, 
For his little son to shoot at. 

" Eound and round they wheeled and darted. 
Filled the Evening Star with music. 
With their songs of joy and freedom ; 
Filled the Evening Star with splendor. 
With the fluttering of their plumage ; 
Till the boy, the little hunter. 
Bent his bow and shot an arrow, 
Shot a swift and fatal arrow. 
And a bird, with shining feathers, 
At his feet fell wounded sorely. 

" But, O wondrous transformation ! 
'T was no bird he saw before him, 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. I43 

'T was a beautiful young Avoman, 
With the arrow in her bosom ! 

" When her blood fell on the planet, 
On the sacred Star of Evening, 
Broken was the spell of magic, 
Powerless was the strange enchantment, 
And the youth, the fearless bowman. 
Suddenly felt himself descending. 
Held by unseen hands, but sinking 
Downward through the empty spaces. 
Downward through the clouds and vapors, 
Till he rested on an island, 
On an island, green and grassy. 
Yonder in the Big-Sea-Water. 

" After him he saw descending 
All the birds with shining feathers, 
Fluttering, falling, wafted downward, 
Like the painted leaves of Autumn ; 
And the lodge with poles of silver, 
With its roof like wings of beetles, 
Like the shining shards of beetles. 
By the winds of heaven uplifted, 
Slowly sank upon the island, 
Bringing back the good Osseo, 



144 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Bringing Oweenee, the faithful. 

" Then the birds, again transfigured, 
Reassumed the shape of mortals, 
Took their shape, but not their stature ; 
They remained as Little People, 
Like the pigmies, the Puk-A\^udjies, 
And on pleasant nights of Summer, 
When the Evening Star was shining. 
Hand in hand they danced together 
On the island's craggy headlands,. 
On the sand-beach low and level. 

" Still their glittering lodge is seen there, 
On the tranquil Summer evenings. 
And upon the shore the fisher 
Sometimes hears their happy voices, 
Sees them dancing in the starlight ! " 

When the story was completed, 
When the wondrous tale was ended, 
Looking round upon his listeners, 
Solemnly lagoo added : 
" There are great men, I have knoAvn such, 
Whom their people understand not. 
Whom they even make a jest of, 
Scoff and jeer at in derision. 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 145 

From the story of Osseo 

Let them learn the fate of jesters ! " 

All the wedding guests delighted 
Listened to the marvellous story, 
Listened laughing and applauding, 
And they whispered to each other : 
" Does he mean himself, I wonder ? 
And are we the aunts and uncles ? " 

Then again sang Chibiabos, 
Sang a song of love and longing. 
In those accents sweet and tender, 
In those tones of pensive sadness, 
Sang a maiden's lamentation 
For her lover, her Algonquin. 

" When I think of my beloved, ^ 
Ah me ! think of my beloved, 
When my heart is thinking of him, 

O my sweetheart, my Algonquin ! 
" Ah me ! when I parted from him. 
Round my neck he hung the wampum. 
As a pledge, the snow-white wampum, 
O my sweetheart, my Algonquin ! 



* The original of this song may be found in Oneota, p. 15, 
10 



146 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" I will go with you, he whispej'ed, 
Ah me ! to your native country ; 
Let me go with you, he whispered, 
O my sweetheart, my Algonquin ! 

" Far away, away, I answered, 
Yery far away, I answered. 
Ah me ! is my native country, 
O my sweetheart, my Algonquin ! 

" When I looked back to behold him, 
Where we parted, to behold him. 
After me he still was gazing, 
O my sweetheart, my Algonquin ! 

" By the tree he still was standing. 
By the fallen tree was standing. 
That had dropped into the water, 
O my sweetheart, my Algonquin ! 

" When I think of my beloved, 
Ah me ! think of my beloved. 
When my heart is thinking of him, 
O my sweetheart, my Algonquin ! " 

Such was Hiawatha's Wedding, 
Such the dance of Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Such the story of lagoo. 
Such the songs of Chibiabos ; 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 147 

Thus the wedding banquet ended, 
And the wedding guests departed, 
Leaving Hiawatha happy 
With the night and Minnehaha. 



XIII. 

BLESSING THE CORN-FIELDS. 

Sing, O Song of Hiawatha, 

Of the happy days that followed, 

In the land of the Ojibways, 

In the pleasant land and peaceful ! 

Sing the mysteries of Mondamin,i 

1 The Indians hold the maize, or Indian corn, in great ven- 
eration. " Tliey esteem it so important and divine a grain," 
says Schoolcraft, " that their story-tellers invented various 
tales, in which this idea is symbolized under the form of 
a special gift from the Great Spirit. The Odjibwa-Algon- 
quins, who call it Mon-da-min, that is, the Spirit's grain or 
berry, have a pretty story of this kind, in which the stalk in 
full tassel is represented as descending from the sky, under 
the guise of a handsome youth, in answer to the prayers of 
a young man at his fast of virility, or coming to manhood. 

"It is well known that corn-planting and corn-gathering, 
at least among all the still uncolonized tribes, are left entirely 
to the females and children, and a few superannuated old 
men. It is not generally known, perhaps, that this labor is 
not compulsory, and that it is assumed by the females as a just 
equivalent, in their view, for the onerous and continuous 
labor of the other sex, in providing meats and skins for cloth- 
ing by the chase, and in defending their villages against their 
enemies, and keeping intruders off their territories. A good 
148 



BLESSING THE CORN-FIELDS. 149 

Sing the Blessing of the Corn-fields ! 

Buried was the bloody hatchet, 
Buried wd,s the dreadful war-club, 
Buried were all warlike weapons, 
And the war-cry was forgotten. 
There was peace among the nations ; 
Unmolested roved the hunters. 
Built the birch canoe for sailing, 
Caught the fish in lake and river. 
Shot the deer and trapped the beaver ; 
Unmolested worked the women, 
Made their sugar from the maple. 
Gathered wild rice in the meadows. 
Dressed the skins of deer and beaver. 

All around the happy village 
Stood the maize-fields, green and shining. 
Waved the green plumes of Mondamin, 
"Waved his soft and sunny tresses. 
Filling all the land with plenty. 
'T was the women who in Spring-time 
Planted the broad fields and fruitful, 

Indian housewife deems this a part of her prerogative, and 
prides herself to have a store of corn to exercise her hospi- 
tality, or duly honor her husband's hospitality, in the enter- 
tainment of the lodge guests."— Oneof a, p. 82. 



150 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Buried in the earth Mondamin ; 
'T was the women who in Autumn 
Stripped the yellow husks of harvest, 
Stripped the garments from Mondamin, 
Even as Hiawatha taught them. 

Once, when all the maize was planted, 
Hiawatha, wise and thoughtful. 
Spake and said to Minnehaha, 
To his wife, the Laughing Water : 
" You shall bless to-night the corn-fields, 
Draw a magic circle round them, 
To protect them from destruction. 
Blast of mildew, blight of insect, 
Wagemin, the thief of corn-fields, 
Paimosaid, who steals the maize-ear ! 

" In the night, when all is silence. 
In the night, when all is darkness. 
When the Spirit of Sleep, Nepahwin, 
Shuts the doors of all the wigwams. 
So that not an ear can hear you, 
So that not an eye can see you, 
Rise up from your bed in silence. 
Lay aside your garments wholly, 
Walk around the fields you planted, 



BLESSING THE CORN-FIELDS. 151 

Eound the borders of the corn-fields, 
Covered by your tresses only, 
Eobed with darkness as a garment. 

" Thus the fields shall be more f ruitf ul,^ 
And the passing of your footsteps 
Draw a magic circle round them, 
So that neither blight nor mildew, 
I^either burrowing worm nor insect. 
Shall pass o'er the magic circle ; 
Not the dragon-fly, Kwo-ne-she, 
IS^or the spider, Subbekashe, 
J^or the grasshopper, Pah-puk-keena, 
Nor the mighty caterpillar, 
"Way-muk-kwana, with the bear-skin. 
King of all the caterpillars ! " 

1 " A singular proof of this belief, in both sexes, of the mys- 
terious influence of the steps of a woman on the vegetable 
and insect creation, is found in an ancient custom, which was 
related to me, respecting corn-planting. It was the practice 
of the hunter's wife, when the field of corn had been planted, 
to choose the first dark or over-clouded evening to perform 
a secret circuit, sans liahillement, around the field. For this 
purpose she slipped out of the lodge in the evening, unob- 
served, to some obscure nook, where she completely disrobed. 
Then, taking her matchecota, or principal garment, in one 
hand, she dragged it around the field. This was thought to 
insure a prolific crop, and to prevent the assaults of insects and 
worms upon the grain. It was supposed they could not creep 
over the charmed line." — Oneota, p. 83. 



X52 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

On the tree-tops near the corn-fields 
Sat the hungry crows and ravens, 
Kahgahgee, the King of Kavens, 
With his band of black marauders. 
And they laughed at Hiawatha, 
Till the tree-tops shook with laughter, 
With their melancholy laughter 
At the words of Hiawatha. 
" Hear him ! " said they ; " hear the wise man ! 
Hear the plots of Hiawatha ! " 

When the noiseless night descended 
Broad and dark o'er field and forest, 
When the mournful Wawonaissa, 
Sorrowing sang among the hemlocks. 
And the Spirit of Sleep, Nepahwin, 
Shut the doors of all the wigwams. 
From her bed rose Laughing Water, 
Laid aside her garments wholly. 
And with darkness clothed and guarded. 
Unashamed and unaflFrighted, 
Walked securely round the corn-fields, 
Drew the sacred, magic circle 
Of her footprints round the corn-fields. 
No one but the Midnight only 



BLESSING THE CORN-FIELDS. 153 

Saw her beauty in the darkness, 
No one but the Wawonaissa 
Heard the panting of her bosom ; 
Guskewau, the darkness, wrapped her 
Closely in his sacred mantle. 
So that none might see her beauty, 
So that none might boast, " I saw her ! " 

On the morrow, as the day dawned, 
Kahgahgee, the King of Eavens, 
Gathered all his black marauders, 
Crows and blackbirds, jays and ravens. 
Clamorous on the dusky tree-tops. 
And descended, fast and fearless. 
On the fields of Hiawatha, 
On the grave of the Mondamin. 

" We Avill drag Mondamin," said they, 
" From the grave where he is buried, 
Spite of all the magic circles 
Laughing Water draws around it. 
Spite of all the sacred footprints 
Minnehaha stamps upon it ! " 

But the wary Hiawatha 
Ever thoughtful, careful, watchful. 
Had o'erheard the scornful lauofhter 



154 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

When they mocked him from the tree-tops. 

" Kaw ! " he said, " my friends the ravens ! 

Kahgahgee, my King of Kavens ! 

I will teach you all a lesson 

That shall not be soon forgotten ! " 

He had risen before the daybreak, 
He had spread o'er all the corn-fields 
Snares to catch the black marauders, 
And was lying now in ambush 
In the neighboring grove of pine-trees, 
"Waiting for the crows and blackbirds. 
Waiting for the jays and ravens. 

Soon they came with caw and clamor, 
Rush of wings and cry of voices, 
To their work of devastation. 
Settling down upon the corn-fields. 
Delving deep with beak and talon, 
For the body of Mondamin. 
And with all their craft and cunning. 
All their skill in wiles of warfare, 
They perceived no danger near them. 
Till their claws became entangled, 
Till they found themselves imprisoned 
In the snares of Hiawatha. 



BLESSING THE CORN-FIELDS. 155 

From his place of ambush came he, 
Striding terrible among them, 
And so awful was his aspect 
That the bravest quailed with terror. 
Without mercy he destroyed them 
Right and left, by tens and twenties, 
And their wretched, lifeless bodies 
Hung aloft on poles for scarecrows 
Round the consecrated corn-fields, 
As a signal of his vengeance. 
As a warning to marauders. 

Only Kahgahgee, the leader, 
Kahgahgee, the King of Ravens, 
He alone was spared among them 
As a hostage for his people. 
With his prisoner-string he bound him,^ 
Led him captive to his wigwam, 
Tied him fast with cords of elm-bark 

To the ridge-pole of his wigwam. 

1 " These cords," says Mr. Tanner, " are made of the bark 
of the ehn-tree, by boiling and then immersing it in cold 
water. . . . The leader of a war party commonly carries 
several fastened about his waist ; and if, in the course of the 
fight, any one of his young men takes a prisoner, it is his duty 
to bring him immediately to the chief, to be tied, and the 
latter is responsible for his safe-keeping." — Narrative of Cap- 
tivity and Adventures, p. 412. 



156 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" Kahgahgee, my raven ! " said he, 
" You the leader of the robbers, 
You the plotter of this mischief, 
The contriver of this outrage, 
I will keep you, I will hold you, 
As a hostage for your people. 
As a pledge of good behavior ! " 

And he left him, grim and sulky, 
Sitting in the morning sunshine 
On the summit of the wigwam, 
Croaking fiercely his displeasure. 
Flapping his great sable pinions. 
Vainly struggling for his freedom, 
Yainly calling on his people ! 

Summer passed, and Shawondasse 
Breathed his sighs o'er all the landscape, 
From the South-land sent his ardors. 
Wafted kisses warm and tender ; 
And the maize-field grew and ripened. 
Till it stood in all the splendor 
Of its garments green and yellow. 
Of its tassels and its plumage. 
And the maize-ears full and shining 
Gleamed from bursting sheaths of verdure. 



BLESSING THE CORN-FIELDS. 157 

Then Nokomis, the old woman, 
Spake, and said to Minnehaha : 
" ' T is the Moon when leaves are falling ; 
All the wild-rice has been gathered, 
And the maize is ripe and ready ; 
Let us gather in the harvest. 
Let us wrestle with Mondamin, 
Strip him of his plumes and tassels, 
Of his garments green and yellow ! " 

And the merry Laughing Water 
Went rejoicing from the wigwam. 
With Nokomis, old and wrinkled. 
And they called the women round them, 
Called the young men and the maidens, 
To the harvest of the corn-fields. 
To the husking of the maize-ear. 

On the border of the forest. 
Underneath the fragrant pine-trees. 
Sat the old men and the warriors 
Smoking in the pleasant shadow. 
In uninterrupted silence 
Looked they at the gamesome labor 
Of the young men and the women ; 
Listened to their noisy talking, 



158 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

To their laughter and their singing, 
Heard them chattering like the magpies, 
Heard them laughing like the blue-jays, 
Heard them singing like the robins. 

And whene'er some lucky maiden 
Found a red ear in the husking, 
Found a maize-ear red as blood is, 
" Nushka ! " ^ cried they all together, 
" ISTushka ! you shall have a sweetheart. 
You shall have a handsome husband ! " 
"Ugh ! " the old men all responded 
From their seats beneath the pine-trees. 

And Avhene'er a youth or maiden 

Found a crooked ear in husking, 

Found a meaze-ear in the husking 

Blighted, mildewed, or misshapen. 

Then they laughed and sang together. 

Crept and limped about the corn-fields, 

Mimicked in their gait and gestures 

Some old man, bent almost double. 

Singing singly or together : 

" Wagemin, the thief of corn-fields ! ^ 

1 Look ! 

^ " If one of the 3''Oung female hiiskers find a red ear of corn, 
it is typical of a brave admirer, and is regarded as a fitting 



BLESSING THE CORN-FIELDS. I59 

Paimosaid, the skulking robber ! ' 

Till the corn-fields rang with laughter, 
Till from Hiawatha's wigwam 
Kahgahgee, the King of Eavens, 
Screamed and quivered in his anger, 
And from all the neighboring tree-tops 
Cawed and croaked the black marauders, 
" Ugh ! " the old men all responded, 
From their seats beneath the pine-trees ! 

present to some young warrior. But if the ear be crooked, and 
tapering to a point, no matter what color, the whole circle is 
set in a roar, and iDct-ge-mln is the word shouted aloud. It is 
the symbol of a thief in the corn-field. It is considered as the 
image of an old man stooping as he enters the lot. Had the 
chisel of Praxiteles been employed to produce this image, it 
could not more vividly bring to the minds of the merry group 
the idea of a pilferer of their favorite mondamin. . . . 

" The literal meaning of the term is a mass, or crooked ear 
of grain ; but the ear of corn so called is a conventional type 
of a little old man pilfering ears of corn in a corn-field. It is 
in this manner that a single word or term, in these curious 
languages, becomes the fruitful parent of many ideas. And 
we can thus perceive why it is tliat the w^ord ivagemin is alone 
competent to excite merriment in the husking circle. 

" This term is taken as the basis of the cereal chorus, or 
corn song, as sung by the Northern Algonquin tribes. It is 
coupled wuth the phrase Paimosaid, — a permutative form of 
the Indian substantive, made from the verb pim-o-sa, to walk. 
Its literal meaning is, he ivJio icalks, or the icalker ; but the 
ideas conveyed by it are, he who walks by night to pilfer corn. 
It offers, therefore, a kind of parallelism in expression to the 
preceding term." — Oneota, p. 354. 



XIY. 

PICTURE-WRITING. 

In those clays said Hiawatha : 

" Lo ! how all things fade and perish ! 

From the memory of the old men 

Fade away the great traditions, 

The achievements of the warriors, 

The adventures of the hunters, 

All the wisdom of the Medas, 

All the craft of the "Wabenos, 

All the marvellous dreams and visions 

Of the Jossakeeds, the Prophets ! 

" Great men die and are forgotten. 

Wise men speak ; their words of wisdom 

Perish in the ears that hear them, 

Do not reach the generations 

That, as yet unborn, are waiting 

In the great, mysterious darkness 

Of the speechless days that shall be ! 
160 



PICTURE-WRITING. 161 

" On the grave-posts of our fathers 
Are no signs, no figures painted ; 
Who are in those graves we know not, 
Only know they are our fathers. 
Of what kith they are and kindred. 
From what old, ancestral Totem, 
Be it Eagle, Bear, or Beaver, 
They descended, this we know not. 
Only know they are our fathers. 

" Face to face we speak together. 
But we cannot speak when absent, 
Cannot send our voices from us 
To the friends that dwell afar off ; 
Cannot send a secret message, 
But the bearer learns our secret. 
May pervert it, may betray it. 
May reveal it unto others." 

Thus said Hiawatha, walking 
In the solitary forest. 
Pondering, musing in the forest, 
On the welfare of his people. 

From his pouch he took his colors. 
Took his paints of different colors, 
On the smooth bark of a birch-tree 



162 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Painted many shapes and figures, 
Wonderful and mystic figures, 
And each figure had a meaning. 
Each some word or thought suggested. 

Gitche Manito the Mighty, 
He, the Master of Life, was painted 
As an egg, with points projecting 
To the four winds of the heavens. 
Everywhere is the Great Spirit, 
"Was the meaning of this symbol. 

Mitche Manito the Mighty, 
He the dreadful Spirit of Evil, 
As a serpent was depicted. 
As Kenabeek, the great serpent. 
Yery crafty, very cunning, 
Is the creeping Spirit of Evil, 
Was the meaning of this symbol. 

Life and Death he drew as circles. 
Life w^as white, but death was darkened ; 
Sun and moon and stars he painted, 
Man and beast, and fish and reptile, 
Forests, mountains, lakes and rivers. 

For the earth he drew a straight line, 
For the sky a bow above it ; 



PICTURE-WRITING. 163 

"White the space between for day-time, 
Filled with little stars for night-time ; 
On the left a point for sunrise, 
On the right a point for sunset, 
On the top a point for noontide 
And for rain and cloudy weather 
Wavino" lines descendino^ from it. 

Footprints pointing towards a w^igwam 
Were a sign of invitation. 
Were a sign of guests assembling ; 
Bloody hands with palms uplifted 
Were a symbol of destruction. 
Were a hostile sign and symbol. 

All these things did Hiawatha 
Show unto his wondering people. 
And interpreted their meaning, 
And he said : ''' Behold, your grave-posts 
Have no mark, no sign, nor symbol. 
Go and paint them all with figures ; 
Each one with its household symbol, 
With its own ancestral Totem ; 
So that those who follow after 
May distinguish them and know them." 

And they painted on the grave-posts 



164 E SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Of the graves yet unforgotten, 
Each his own ancestral Totem, 
Each the symbol of his household ; 
Figures of the Bear and Reindeer, 
Of the Turtle, Crane, and Beaver, 
Each inverted as a token 
That the owner was departed, 
That the chief who bore the symbol 
Lay beneath in dust and ashes. 

And the Jossakeeds, the prophets, 
The Wabenos, the Magicians, 
And the Medicine-men, the Medas, 
Painted upon bark and deer-skin 
Figures for the songs they chanted. 
For each song a separate symbol. 
Figures mystical and awful. 
Figures strange and brightly colored ; 
And each figure had its meaning, 
Each some magic song suggested. 

The Great Spirit, the Creator, 
Flashing light through all the heaven 
The Great Serpent, the Kenabeek, 
With his bloody crest erected. 
Creeping, looking into heaven ; 



PICTURE-WRITING. 165 

In the sky the sun, that listens, 
And the moon eclipsed and dying ; 
Owl and eagle, crane and hen-hawk, 
And the cormorant, bird of magic ; 
Headless men, that walk the heavens, 
Bodies lying pierced with arrows, 
Bloody hands of death uplifted. 
Flags on graves, and great war-captains 
Grasping both the earth and heaven ! 

Such as these the shapes they painted 
On the birch-bark and the deer-skin ; 
Songs of war and songs of hunting, 
Songs of medicine and magic, 
All were written in these figures. 
For each figure had its meaning, 
Each its separate song recorded. 

Nor forgotten was the Love-Song, 
The most subtle of all medicines, 
The most potent spell of magic, 
Dangerous more than war or hunting ! 
Thus the Love-Song was recorded, 
Symbol and interpretation. 
First a human figure standing. 
Painted in the brightest scarlet ; 



ie6 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

'T is the lover, the musician, 
And the meaning is : " My painting 
Makes me powerful over others." 
Then the figure seated, singing, 
Playing on a drum of magic, 
And the interpretation : " Listen ! 
' T is my voice you hear, my singing ! " 

Then the same red figure seated 
In the shelter of a wigwam. 
And the meaning of the symbol : 
" I will come and sit beside you 
In the mystery of my passion ! " 

Then two figures, man and woman, 
Standing hand in hand together. 
With their hands so clasped together 
That they seem in one united, 
And the words thus represented 
Are : " I see your heart within you. 
And your cheeks are red with blushes ! " 

Next the maiden on an island, 
In the centre of an island ; 
And the song this shape suggested 
Was : " Though you were at a distance. 
Were upon some far-off island. 



PICTURE-WRITING. 167 

Such the spell I cast upon you, 

Such the magic power of passion, 

I could straightway draw you to me . " 

Then the figure of the maiden 
Sleeping, and the lover near her, 
Whispering to her in her slumbers. 
Saying : " Though you were far from me 
In the land of Sleep and Silence, 
Still the voice of love would reach you ! " 

And the last of all the figures 
Was a heart within a circle, 
Drawn within a magic circle ; 
And the image had this meaning : 
" Naked lies your heart before me. 
To your naked heart I whisper ! " 

Thus it was that Hiawatha, 
In his wisdom, taught the people 
All the mysteries of painting. 
All the art of Picture-Writing, 
On the smooth bark of the birch-tree. 
On the white skin of the reindeer, 
On the grave-posts of the village. 



XY. 



In those days the Evil Spirits, 

All the Manitos of mischief, 

Fearing Hiawatha's wisdom, 

And his love for Chibiabos, 

Jealous of their faithful friendship, 

And their noble words and actions. 

Made at length a league against them, 

To molest them and destroy them. 

Hiawatha, wise and wary. 

Often said to Chibiabos : 

" O ray brother ! do not leave me. 

Lest the Evil Spirits harm you ! " 

Chibiabos, young and heedless, 

Laughing shook his coal-black tresses, 

Answ^ered ever sweet and childlike : 

" Do not fear for me, O brother ! 

Harm and evil come not near me ! " 
168 



HIAWATHA'S LAMENTATION. 169 

Once when Peboan, the Winter, 
Roofed with ice the Big- Sea- Water, 
When the snow-flakes, whirling downward, 
Hissed among the withered oak-leaves. 
Changed the pine-trees into wigwams. 
Covered all the earth with silence, — 
Armed with arrows, shod with snow-shoes, 
Heeding not his brother's warning, 
Fearing not the Evil Spirits, 
Forth to hunt the deer with antlers 
All alone went Chibiabos. 

Eight across the Big-Sea-Water 
Sprang with speed the deer before him. 
With the wind and snow he followed. 
O'er the treacherous ice he followed. 
Wild with all the fierce commotion 
And the rapture of the hunting. 

But beneath, the Evil Spirits 
Lay in ambush, waiting for him, 
Broke the treacherous ice beneath him. 
Dragged him downward to the bottom. 
Buried in the sand his body. 
Unktahee, the god of water. 
He the god of the Dacotahs, 



lYO THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Drowned him in the deep abysses 
Of the lake of Gitche Gumee. 

From the headlands Hiawatha 
Sent forth such a wail of anguish, 
Such a fearful lamentation, 
That the bison paused to listen. 
And the wolves howled from the prairies, 
And the thunder in the distance 
Woke and answered " Baim-wawa ! " 

Then his face with black he painted. 
With his robe his head he covered, 
In his wigwam sat lamenting, 
Seven long weeks he sat lamenting, 
. Uttering still this moan of sorrow :— 
" He is dead, the sweet musician J 
He the sweetest of all singers ! 
He has gone from us for ever. 
He has moved a little nearer 
To the Master of all music, 
To the Master of all singing ! 
O my brother, Chibiabos ! " 
\ And the melancholy fir-trees 
Waved their dark green fans above him. 
Waved their purple cones above him. 




HIAWATHA'S LAMENTATION. lYl 

Sighing with him to console him, 
Mingling with his lamentation 
Their complaining, their lamenting, 

Came the Spring, and all the forest 
Looked in vain for Chibiabos ; 
Sighed the rivulet, Sebowisha, 
Sighed the rushes in the meadow. 

From the tree-tops sang the blue-bird, 
Sang the blue-bird, the Owaissa ; 
" Chibiabos ! Chibiabos ! 
He is dead, the sweet musician ! " 

From the wigwam sang the robin, 
Sang the Opechee, the robin : 
" Chibiabos ! Chibiabos ! 
He is dead, the sweetest singer ! " 

And at night through all the forest 
Went the whippoorwill complaining, 
Wailing went the Wawonaissa : 
" Chibiabos ! Chibiabos ! 
He is dead, the sweet musician ! 
He the sweetest of all singers ! " 

Then the medicine-men, the Medas, 
The magicians, the Wabenos, 
And the Jossakeeds, the prophets. 



172 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Came to visit Hiawatha ; 
Built a Sacred Lodge beside him, 
To appease him, to console him, 
Walked in silent, grave procession, 
Bearing each a pouch of healing. 
Skin of beaver, lynx, or otter. 
Filled with magic roots and simples, 
Filled \Yith very potent medicines. 

When he heard their steps approaching, 
Hiawatha ceased lamenting. 
Called no more on Chibiabos ; 
Naught he questioned, naught he answered, 
But his mournful head uncovered. 
From his face the mourning colors 
Washed he slowly and in silence. 
Slowly and in silence follow^ed 
Onward to the Sacred Wigwam. 

There a magic drink they gave him, 
Made of Nahma-wusk, the spearmint, 
And Wabeno-wusk, the yarrow, 
Eoots of power, and herbs of healing ; 
Beat their drums, and shook their rattles ; 
Chanted singly and in chorus. 
Mystic songs like these, they chanted : 



HIAWATHA'S LAMENTATION. 173 

" 1 myself, myself ! behold me ! 
'T is the great Gray Eagle talking ; 
Come, ye white crows, come and hear him ! 
The loud-speaking thunder helps me ; 
All the unseen spirits help me ; 
I can hear their voices calling. 
All around the sky I hear them ! 
I can blow you strong, my brother, 
I can heal you, Hiawatha ! " 

" Hi-au-ha ! " ^ replied the chorus, 
"Way-ha-way ! " 1 the mystic chorus. 

" Friends of mine are all the serpents ! 
Hear me shake my skin of hen-hawk ! 
Mahng, the white loon, I can kill him ; 
I can shoot your heart and kill it ! 
I can blow you strong, my brother, 
I can heal you, Hiawatha ! " 

" Hi-au-ha ! " replied the chorus, 
" Way-ha-way ! " the mystic chorus. 

" I myself, myself ! the prophet ! 

1 These words appear to be "the unmeaning ejaculations 
heard so often at Indian dances, feasts, and carousals. They 
accompany their tunes and are sometimes sung in long strains 
along with words or without words. They may be either 
spoken or sung, but always are they uttered with a deep 
guttural voice."— A. S. G. 



174 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

When I speak the wigwam trembles, 
Shakes the Sacred Lodge with terror, 
Hands unseen begin to shake it ! 
When I walk, the sky I tread on 
Bends and makes a noise beneath me ! 
I can blow you strong, my brother ! 
Kise and speak, O Hiawatha ! " 

" Hi-au-ha ! " replied the chorus, 
" Way-ha-way ! " the mystic chorus. 

Then they shook their medicine-pouches 
O'er the head of Hiawatha, 
Danced their medicine- dance around him ; 
And upstarting w^ld and haggard. 
Like a man from dreams awakened. 
He was healed of all his madness. 
As the clouds are swept from heaven, 
Straightway from his brain departed 
All his moody melancholy ; 
As the ice is swept from rivers, 
Straightway from his heart departed 
All his sorrow and affliction. 

Then they summoned Chibiabos 
From his grave beneath the w^aters. 
From the sands of Gitche Gumee 



HIAWATHA'S LAMENTATION. 175 

Summoned Hiawatha's brother. 
And so mighty was the magic 
Of that cry and invocation, 
That he heard it as he hiy there 
Underneath the Big-Sea-Water ; 
From the sand he rose and listened, 
Heard the music and the singing. 
Came, obedient to the summons, 
To the doorway of the wigwam. 
But to enter they forbade him. 

Through a chink a coal they gave him. 
Through the door a burning fire-brand ; 
Ruler in the Land of Spirits, 
Ruler o'er the dead, they made him, 
Telling him a fire to kindle 
For all those that died thereafter. 
Camp-fires for their night encampments 
On their solitary journey 
To the kingdom of Ponemah, 
To the land of the Hereafter. 

From the village of his childhood. 
From the homes of those who knew him, 
Passing silent through the forest. 
Like a smoke-wreath wafted sideways. 



176 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Slowly vanish Chibiabos ! 
Where he passed, the branches moved not, 
Where he trod, the grasses bent not, 
And the fallen leaves of last year 
Made no sound beneath his footsteps. 

Four whole days he journeyed onw^ard 
Down the pathway of the dead men ; 
On the dead man's strawberry feasted. 
Crossed the melancholy river, 
On the swinging log he crossed it, 
Came unto the Lake of Silver, 
In the Stone Canoe was carried 
To the Islands of the Blessed, 
To the land of ghosts and shadows. 

On that journey, moving slowly. 
Many Aveary spirits saw he. 
Panting under heavy burdens, 
Laden with w^ar-clubs, bows and arrow^s, 
Eobes of fur, and pots and kettles. 
And with food that friends had given 
For that solitary journey. 

" Ah ! why do the living," said they, 
" Lay such heavy burdens on us ! 
Better were it to go naked, 



HIAWATHA'S LAMENTATION. 177 

Better were it to go fasting, 
Than to bear such heavy burdens 
On our long and weary journey ! " 

Forth then issued Hiawatha, 
Wandered eastward, wandered westward, 
Teaching men the use of simples 
And the antidotes for poisons, 
And the cure of all diseases. 
Thus was first made known to mortals 
All the mystery of Medamin, 
All the sacred art of healing. 



12 



XYI. 

PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 

You shall hear how Pau-Puk-Keewis, 

He, the handsome Yenadizze, 

Whom the people called the Storm Fool, 

Yexed the Tillage with disturbance ; 

You shall hear of all his mischief, 

And his flight from Hiawatha, 

And his wondrous transmigrations. 

And the end of his adventures. 

On the shores of Gitche Gumee, 

On the dunes of Nagow Wudjoo, 

By the shining Big-Sea- Water 

Stood the lodge of Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

It was he who in his frenzy 

Whirled these drifting sands together, 

On the dunes of Nagow Wudjoo, 

When, among the guests assembled, 
178 



PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. I79 

He SO merrily and madly 
Danced at Hiawatha's wedding". 
Danced the Beggar's Dance to please them. 

Now, in search of new adventures, 
From his lodge went Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Came with speed into the village. 
Found the young men all assembled 
In the lodge of old lagoo. 
Listening to his monstrous stories, 
To his wonderful adventures. 

He was telling them the story 
Of Ojeeg, the Summer-Maker, 
How he ]nade a hole in heaven, 
How he climbed up into heaven, 
And let out the Summer- weather. 
The perpetual, pleasant Summer ; 
How the Otter first essayed it ; 
How the Beaver, Lynx, and Badger 
Tried in turn the great achievement. 
From the summit of the mountain 
Smote their fists against the heavens, 
Smote against the sky their foreheads. 
Cracked the sky, but could not break it ; 
How the Wolverine, uprising, 



180 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Made him ready for the encounter, 
Bent his knees down, like a squirrel, 
Drew his arms back, like a cricket. 

" Once he leaped," said old lagoo, 
" Once he leaped, and lo ! above him 
Bent the sk}^, as ice in rivers 
When the waters rise beneath it ; 
Twice he leaped, and lo ! above him 
Cracked the sky, as ice in rivers 
"When the freshet is at highest I 
Thrice he leaped, and lo ! above him 
Broke the shattered sky asunder, 
And he disappeared within it. 
And Ojeeg, the Fisher AYeasel, 
"With a bound went in behind him ! " 

'' Ilark you ! " shouted Pau-Puk-Keewis 
As he entered at the doorway ; 
" I am tired of all this talking. 
Tired of old lagoo's stories. 
Tired of Hiawatha's wisdom. 
Here is something to amuse you, 
Better than this endless talking." 

Then from out his pouch of wolf-skin 
Forth he drew, with solemn manner, 



PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 181 

All the game of Bowl and Counters, 
Pugasaing, with thirteen pieces.^ 
White on one side were they painted, 
And vermilion on the other ; 
Two Kenabeeks or great serpents. 
Two Ininewug or wedge-men, 
One great war-club, Puggawaugun, 
And one slender fish, the Keego, 

1 This Game of tke Bowl is the principal game of hazard 
among the Northern tribes of Indians. Mr. Schoolcraft gives 
a particular account of it in Oneota, ^i. 85. "This game," 
he says, " is very fascinating to some portions of the Indians. 
They stake at it their ornaments, weapons, clothing, canoes, 
horses, everything in fact they possess ; and have been known, 
it is said, to set up their wives and children, and even to for- 
feit their own liberty. Of such desperate stakes I have seen 
no examples, nor do I think the game itself in common use. 
It is rather confined to certain persons, who hold the relative 
rank of gamblers in Indian society, — men who are not noted 
as hunters or warriors, or steady providers for their families. 
Among these are persons who bear the term of lenadizze- 
umg, that is, wanderers about the country, braggadocios, or 
fops. It can hardly be classed with the popular games of 
amusement, by which skill and dexterity are acquired. I 
have generally found the chiefs and graver men of the 
tribes, who encouraged the young men to play ball, and are 
sure to be present at the customary sports, to witness and 
sanction and applaud them, speak lightly and disparagingly 
of this game of hazard. Yet it cannot be denied that some of 
the chiefs, distinguished in war and the chase at the West, 
can b^ referred to as lending their examples to its fascinat- 
ing power." 

See also his History, Condition, and Prospects of the In- 
dian Tribes, Part II., p. 73. 



182 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Four round pieces, Ozawabeeks, 

And three Sheshebwug or ducklings. 

All were made of bone and painted, 

All except the Ozawabeeks ; 

These were brass, on one side burnished. 

And were black upon the other. 

In a wooden bowl he placed them, 
Shook and jostled them together. 
Threw them on the ground before him, 
Thus exclaiming and exphiining : 
'' Eed side up are all the pieces, 
And one great Kenabeek standing 
On the bright side of a brass piece. 
On a burnished Ozawabeek ; 
Thirteen tens and eight are counted." 

Then again he shook the pieces. 
Shook and jostled them together, 
Threw them on the ground before him, 
Still exclaiming and explaining : 
" White are both the great Kenabeeks, 
White the Ininewug, the wedge-men. 
Red are all the other pieces ; 
Five tens and an eight are counted." 

Thus he taught the game of hazard. 



PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 183 

Thus displa3^ed it and explained it, 
Running- through its various chances, 
Various changes, various meanings : 
Twenty curious eyes stared at him, 
Full of eagerness stared at him. 

" Many games," said old lagoo, 
" Many games of skill and hazard 
Have I seen in different nations. 
Have I played in different countries. 
He who plays with old lagoo 
Must have very nimble fingers. 
Though you think yourself so skilful 
I can beat you, Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
I can even give you lessons 
In your game of Bowl and Counters ! " 

So they sat and played together. 
All the old men and the young men, 
Played for dresses, weapons, wampum. 
Played till midnight, played till morning, 
Played until the Yenadizze, 
Till the cunning Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Of their treasures had despoiled them, 
Of the best of all their dresses. 
Shirts of deer-skin, robes of ermine. 



184 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Belts of wampum, crests of feathers, 
Warlike weapons, pipes and pouches. 
Twenty eyes glared wildly at him, 
Like the eyes of wolves glared at him. 

Said the lucky Pau-Puk-Keewis : 
" In my wigwam I am lonely. 
In my wanderings and adventures 
I have need of a companion. 
Fain would have a Meshinauwa 
An attendant and pipe-bearer. 
I will venture all these winnings. 
All these garments heaped about me. 
All this w^ampum, all these feathers, 
On a single throw will venture 
All against the young man yonder ! " 
'T was a youth of sixteen summers, 
'T was a nephew of lagoo ; 
Face-in-a-Mist, the people called him. 

As the fire burns in a pipe-head 
Dusky red beneath the ashes. 
So beneath his shabby eyebrows 
Glowed the eyes of old lagoo. 
"Ugh ! " he answered very fiercely ; 
" Ugh ! " they answered all and each one. 



PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 185 

Seized the wooden bowl the old man, 
Closely in his bony fingers 
Clutched the fatal bowl, Onagon, 
Shook it fiercely and with fury, 
Made the pieces ring together 
As he threw them down before him. 

Eed were both the great Kenabeeks, 
Eed the Ininewug, the wedge-men, 
Bed the Sheshebwug, the ducklings. 
Black the four brass Ozawabeeks, 
White alone the fish, the Keego ; 
Only five the pieces counted ! 

Then the smiling Pau-Puk-KecAvis 
Shook the bowl and threw the pieces ; 
Lightly in the air he tossed them. 
And they fell about him scattered ; 
Dark and bright the Ozawabeeks, 
Eed and white the other pieces. 
And upright among the others 
One Ininew^ug was standing. 
Even as crafty Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Stood alone among the players. 
Saying, " Five tens ! mine the game is ! " 

Twenty eyes glared at him fiercely. 



186 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Like the eyes of wolves glared at him, 
As he turned and left the wigwam, 
Followed by his Meshinauwa, 
By the nephew of lagoo, 
By the tall and graceful stripling, 
Bearing in his arms the winnings, 
Shirts of deer-skin, robes of ermine, 
Belts of wampum, pipes and weapons. 

"Carry them," said Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Pointing with his fan of feathers, 
" To my wigwam far to eastward, 
On the dunes of Nagow Wudjoo ! " 

Hot and red wuth smoke and gambling 
Were the eyes of Pau-Puk-Keewis 
As he came forth to the freshness 
Of the pleasant Summer morning. 
All the birds were singing gayly, 
All the streamlets flowing swiftly. 
And the heart of Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Sang Avith pleasure as the birds sing. 
Beat with triumph like the streamlets, 
As he wandered through the village. 
In the early gray of morning, 
With his fan of turkey -feathers. 



PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. IgT 

With his plumes and tufts of swan's down, 
Till he reached the farthest wigwam, 
Keached the lodge of Hiawatha. 

Silent was it and deserted ; 
No one met him at the doorway, 
No one came to bid him welcome ; 
But the birds were singing round it. 
In and out and round the doorway. 
Hopping, singing, fluttering, feeding. 
And aloft upon the ridge-pole 
Kahgahgee, the King of Eavens, 
Sat with fiery eyes, and, screaming, 
Flapped his wings at Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

" All are gone ! the lodge is empty ! " 

Thus it was spake Pau-Puk-Keewis, 

In his heart resolving mischief ; — 

" Gone is wary Hiawatha, 

Gone the silly Laughing Water, | 

Gone Nokomis, the old woman, i 

i 
And the lodge is left unguarded ! " | 

By the neck he seized the raven, ! 

Whirled it round him like a rattle, 

Like a medicine-pouch he shook it, 

Strangled Kahgahgee, the raven. 



188 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

From the ridge-pole of the wigwam 
Left its lifeless body hanging, 
As an insult to its master, 
As a taunt to Hiawatha. 

With a stealthy step he entered, 
Bound the lodge in wild disorder 
Threw the household things about him, 
Piled together in confusion 
Bowls of wood and earthen kettles, 
Kobes of buffalo and beaver, 
Skins of otter, lynx, and ermine, 
As an insult to Nokomis, 
As a taunt to Minnehaha. 

Then departed Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
"Whistling, singing through the forest. 
Whistling gayly to the squirrels. 
Who from hollow boughs above him 
Dropped their acorn-shells upon him. 
Singing gaily to the w^ood- birds, 
Who from out the leafy darkness 
Answered with a song as merry. 

Then he climbed the rocky headlands, 
Looking o'er the Gitche Gumee, 
Perched himself upon their summit. 



PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 189 

Waiting full of mirth and mischief 
The return of Hiawatha. 

Stretched upon his back he Jay there; 
Far below him plashed the waters, 
Plashed and washed the dreamy waters ; 
Far above him swam the heavens, 
Swam the dizzy, dreamy heavens ; 
Eound him hovered, fluttered, rustled, 
Hiaw^atha's mountain chickens, 
Flock-wise swept and w^heeled about him, 
Almost brushed him with their pinions. 

And he killed them as he lay there. 
Slaughtered them by tens and twenties. 
Threw their bodies down the headland. 
Threw them on the beach below him, 
Till at length Kayoshk, the sea-gull. 
Perched upon a crag above them, 
Shouted : " It is Pau-Puk-Keewis ! 
He is slaying us by hundreds ! 
Send a message to our brother. 
Tidings send to Hiawatha I " 



XYII. 

THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 

Full of wrath was Hiawatha 

When he came into the village, 

Found the people in confusion, 

Heard of all the misdemeanors, 

All the malice and the mischief. 

Of the cunning Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

Hard his breath came through his nostrils, 

Through his teeth he buzzed and muttered 

Words of anger and resentment, 

Hot and humming, like a hornet. 

*' I Avill slay this Pau-Puk-Keewis, 

Slay this mischief-maker ! " said he. 

" Not so long and wide the world is, 

Not so rude and rough the way is. 

That my wrath shall not attain him, 

That my vengeance shall not reach him ! " 

Then in swift pursuit departed 
190 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 191 

Hiawatha and the hunters 

On the trail of Pau-Puk-Keewis, 

Through the forest, where he passed it, ' 

To the headlands where he rested ; 

But they found not Pau-Puk-Keewis, 

Only in the trampled grasses. 

In the whortleberry-bushes, 

Found the couch Avhere he had rested, 

Found the impress of his body. 

From the lowlands far beneath them. 
From the Muskoday, the meadow, 
Pau-Puk-Keewis, turning backward, 
Made a gesture of defiance. 
Made a gesture of derision ; 
And aloud cried Hiawatha, 
From the summit of the mountain : 
" Not so long and wide the world is, 
[N'ot so rude and rough the way is. 
But my wrath shall overtake you, 
And my vengeance shall attain you ! " 

Over rock and over river, 
Thorough bush, and brake, and forest, 
Kan the cunning Pau-Puk-Keewis ; 
Like an antelope he bounded, 



192 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Till be came unto a streamlet 

In the middle of the forest, ' 

To a streamlet still and tranquil, 

That had overflowed its margin. 

To a dam made by the beavers. 

To a pond of quiet water, 

"Where knee-deep the trees were standing. 

Where the water-lilies floated, 

"Where the rushes waved and whispered. 

On the dam stood Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
On the dam of trunks and branches. 
Through whose chinks the Avater spouted, 
O'er whose summit flowed the streamlet. 
Prom the bottom rose a beaver. 
Looked with two great eyes of wonder. 
Eyes that seemed to ask a question. 
At the stranger, Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

On the dam stood Pau-Pak-Keewis, 
O'er his ankles flowed the streamlet, 
Flowed the bright and silvery water. 
And he spake unto the beaver, 
"With a smile he spake in this wise : 

" O my friend Ahmeek, the beaver, 
Cool and pleasant is the water ; 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 193 

Let me dive into the water, 

Let me rest there in your lodges ; 

Change me, too, into a beaver ! " 

Cautiously replied the beaver, 
With reserve he thus made answer : 
" Let me first consult the others, 
Let me ask the other beavers." 
Down he sank into the water. 
Heavily sank he, as a stone sinks, 
Down among the leaves and branches. 
Brown and matted at the bottom. 

On the dam stood Paa-Puk-Keewis, 
O'er his ankles flowed the streamlet. 
Spouted through the chinks below him. 
Dashed upon the stones beneath him. 
Spread serene and calm before him. 
And the sunshine and the shadows 
Fell in flecks and gleams upon him, 
Fell in little shining patches, 
Through the waving, rustling branches. 

From the bottom rose the beavers. 

Silently above the surface 

Kose one head and then another, 

Till the pond seemed full of beavers, 
13 



194 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Full of black and shining faces. 

To the beavers Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Spake entreating, said in this wise : 
" Yery pleasant is your dwelling, 
O my friends ! and safe from danger ; 
Can you not with all your cunning, 
All your wisdom and contrivance, 
Change me, too, into a beaver ? " 

"Yes ! " replied Ahmeek, the beaver, 
He the King of all the beavers, 
'' Let yourself slide down among us, 
Down into the tranquil water." 

Down into the pond among them 
Silently sank Pau-Puk-Keewis ; 
Black became his shirt of deer-skin, 
Black his moccasins and leggings. 
In a broad black tail behind him 
Spread his fox-tails and his fringes ; 
He was changed into a beaver. 

" Make me large,"' said Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
" Make me large and make me larger. 
Larger than the other beavers." 
" Yes," the beaver chief responded, 
" When our lodge below you enter, 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. I95 

In our wigwam we will make you 
Ten times larger than the others." 

Thus into the clear, brown water 
Silently sank Fau-Puk-Keewis ; 
Found the bottom covered over 
With the trunks of trees and branches, 
Hoards of food against the winter, 
Files and heaps against the famine, 
Found the lodge with arching doorway. 
Leading into spacious chambers. 
^ Here they made him large and largerA 
.Made him largest of the beavers, _^x 
Ten times larger than the others. 
" You shall be our ruler," said they ; 
" Chief and king of all the beavers." 

But not long had Fau-Fuk-Keewis 
Sat in state among the beavers, 
When there came a voice of warning 
From the watchman at his station 
In the water-flags and lilies, 
Saying : " Here is Hiawatha ! 
Hiawatha with his hunters ! " 

Then they heard a cry above them. 
Heard a shouting and a tramping. 



196 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Heard a crashing and a rushing, 
And the water round and o'er them 
Sank and sucked away in eddies, 
And they knew their dam was broken. 

On the lodge's roof the hunters 
Leaped, and broke it all asunder ; 
Streamed the sunshine through the crevice, 
Sprang the beavers through the doorway, 
Hid themselves in deeper water, 
In the channel of the streamlet; 
But the mighty Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Could not pass beneath the doorway ; 
He was puffed with pride and feeding, 
He was swollen like a bladder. 

Through the roof looked Hiawatha, 
Cried aloud : " O Pau-Puk-Keewis ! 
Yain are all your craft and cunning, 
Yain your manifold disguises ! 
Well I know you, Pau-Puk-Keewis ! " 

With their clubs they beat and bruised him, 
Beat to death poor Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Pounded him as maize is pounded. 
Till his skull was crushed to pieces. 

Six tall hunters, lithe and limber, 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 197 

Bore him home on poles and branches, 
Bore the body of the beaver ; 
But the ghost, the Jeebi in him. 
Thought and felt as Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Still lived on as Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

And it fluttered, strove, and struggled, 
Waving hither, waving thither. 
As the curtains of a wigwam 
Struggle with their thongs of deer-skin,' 
When the wintry wind is blowing ; 
Till it drew itself together. 
Till it rose up from the body, 
Till it took the form and features 
Of the cunning Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Vanishing into the forest ; 

But the wary Hiawatha 
Saw the figure ere it vanished. 
Saw the form of Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Glide into the soft blue shadow 
Of the pine-trees of the forest ; 
Toward the squares of white beyond it. 
Toward an opening in the forest, 
Like a wind it rushed and panted. 
Bending all the boughs before it, 



198 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

And behind it, as the rain comes, 
Came the steps of Hiawatha. 

To a lake with many islands 
Came the breathless Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Where among the water-lilies 
Pishnekuh, the brant, were sailing ; 
Through the tufts of rushes floating, 
Steering through the reedy islands. 
IS'ow their broad black beaks they lifted, 
Now they plunged beneath the water, 
Xow they darkened in the shadow, 
Now they brightened in the sunshine. 

" Pishnekuh ! " cried Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
" Pishnekuh ! my brothers ! " said he, 
" Change me to a brant with plumage. 
With a shining neck and feathers, 
Make me large, and make me larger. 
Ten times larger than the others." 

Straightway to a brant they changed him, 
With two huge and dusky pinions. 
With a bosom smooth and rounded. 
With a bill like two great paddles, 
Made him larger than the others. 
Ten times larger than the largest. 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 199 
Just as, shouting from the forest, 
On the shore stood Hiawatha. 

Up they rose with cry and clamor, 
With a whirr and beat of pinions, 
Kose up from the reedy islands, 
From the water-flags and lilies. 
And they said to Pau-Puk-Keewis : 
" In your flying look not downward, 
Take good heed, and look not down-ward. 
Lest some strange mischance should happen, 
Lest some great mishap befall you ! " 

Fast and far they fled to northward, 
Past and far through mist and sunshine, 
Fed among the moors and fen-lands. 
Slept among the reeds and rushes. 

On the morrow as they journeyed. 
Buoyed and lifted by the South-wind, 
Wafted onward by the South-Avind, 
Blowing fresh and strong behind them, 
Eose a sound of human voices, 
Eose a clamor from beneath them, 
From the lodges of a village. 
From the people miles beneath them. 
For the people of the village 



200 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Saw the flock of brant with wonder, 
Saw the wings of Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Flapping far up in the ether, 
Broader than two doorway curtains. 

Pau-Puk-Keewis heard the shouting. 
Knew the voice of Hiawatha, 
Knew the outcry of lagoo. 
And, forgetful of the warning. 
Drew his neck in, and looked downward. 
And the wind that blew behind him 
Caught his mighty fan of feathers, 
Sent him wheeling, whirling downward ! 

All in vain did Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Struggle to regain his balance ! 
Whirling round and round and downward, 
He beheld in turn the village 
And in turn the flock above him. 
Saw the village coming nearer. 
And the flock receding farther. 
Heard the voices growing louder. 
Heard the shouting and the laughter ; 
SaAV no more the flock above him. 
Only saw the earth beneath him ; 
Dead out of the empty heaven. 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 201 

Dead among the shouting people, 
With a heavy sound and sullen, 
Fell the brant with broken pinions. 

But his soul, his ghost, his shadow. 
Still survived as Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Took again the form and features 
Of the handsome Yenadizze, 
And again went rushing onward. 
Followed fast by Hiawatha, 
Crying : " Not so wide the world is, 
N'ot so long and rough the w^ay is. 
But my wrath shall overtake you, 
But my vengeance shall attain you ! " 

And so near he came, so near him. 
That his hand was stretched to seize him. 
His right hand to seize and hold him. 
When the cunning Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Whirled and spun about in circles. 
Fanned the air into a whirlwind. 
Danced the dust and leaves about him, 
And amid the whirling eddies 
Sprang into a hollow oak-tree. 
Changed himself into a serpent. 
Gliding out through root and rubbish. 



202 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

With his right hand Hiawatha 
Smote amain the hollow oak-tree, 
Eent it into shreds and splinters, 
Left it lying there in fragments. 
But in vain ; for Pau-Puk-KeeAvis, 
Once again in human figure. 
Full in sight ran on before him. 
Sped away in dust and Avhirlwind, 
On the shores of Gitche Gumee, 
Westward by the Big-Sea- Water. 
Came unto the rocky headlands, 
To the Pictured Pocks of sandstone,^ 



1 The reader will find a long description of the Pictured 
Rocks in Foster and Whitney's Report on tlie Geology of the 
Lake Siijperior Land District, Part II., p. 124. From this 
I make the following extract : — 

" The Pictured Rocks may be described, in general terms, 
as a series of sandstone blulTs extending along the shore of 
Lake Superior for about five miles, and rising, in most places, 
vertically from the water, without any beach at the base, to 
a height varying from fifty to nearly two hundred feet. 
Were they simply a line of cliffs, they might not, so far as 
relates to height or extent, be worthy of a rank among great 
natural curiosities, although such an assemblage of rocky 
strata, washed by the waves of the great lake, would not, 
under any circumstances, be destitute of grandeur. To the 
voyager coasting along their base in his frail canoe, they 
would at all times be an object of dread ; the recoil of the 
surf, the rock-bound coast, affording for miles no place of 
refuge, the lowering sky, the rising wind, all these would 
excite his apprehension, and induce him to ply a vigorous 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 203 

Looking over lake and landscape. 

And the Old Man of the Mountain, 
He the Manito of Mountains, 
Opened wide his rocky doorways, 
Opened wide his deep abysses, 
Giving Pau-Puk-Keewis shelter 
In his caverns dark and dreary. 
Bidding Pau-Puk-Keewis welcome 
To his gloomy lodge of sandstone. 

oar until the dreaded wall was passed. But in the Pictured 
Rocks there are two features which communicate to the 
scenery a wonderful and almost unique character. These 
are, first, the curious manner in wliich the cliffs have been 
excavated and worn away by the action of the lake, which 
for centuries has dashed an ocean-like surf against their base ; 
and second, the equally curious manner in which large por- 
tions of the surface have been colored by bands of brilliant 
hues. 

" It is from the latter circumstance that the name by which 
these cliffs are known to the American traveller is derived ; 
while that applied to them by the French voyagers (' Les 
Portails ') is derived from the former, and by far the most 
striking peculiarity. 

" The terin Pictured Rocks lias been in use for a great length 
of time ; but when it was first applied we have been unable 
to discover. It would seem that the first travellers were more 
impressed with the novel and striking distribution of colors 
on the surface than with the astonishing variety of form into 
which the cliffs themselves have been worn. . . . 

" Our voyagers had many legends to relate of the pranks 
of the Meniii-bojou in these caverns, and in answer to our in- 
quiries, seemed disposed to fabricate stories without end of 
the achievements of this Indian deity. 



204 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

There without stood Hiawatha, 
Found the doorways closed against him, 
With his mittens, Minjekahwun, 
Smote great caverns in the sandstone, 
Cried aloud in tones of thunder : 
" Open ! I am Hiawatha ! " 
But the Old Man of the Mountain 
Opened not, and made no answer 
From the silent crags of sandstone, 
From the gloomy rock abysses. 

Then he raised his hands to heaven, 
Called imploring on the tempest. 
Called Way wassimo, the liglitning, 
And the thunder, Annemeekee ; 
And they came with night and darkness, 
Sweeping down the Big-Sea-Water 
From the distant Thunder Mountains ; 
And the trembling Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Heard the footsteps of the thunder, 
Saw the red eyes of the lightning, 
Was afraid, and crouched and trembled. 

Then Waywassimo, the lightning. 
Smote the doorways of the caverns. 
With his war-club smote the doorways, 



THE HUNTING OF PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 205 

Smote the jutting crags of sandstone, 
And the thunder, Annemeekee, 
Shouted down into the caverns, 
Saying : " Where is Pau-Puk-Keewis ! " 
And the crags fell, and beneath them 
Dead among the rocky ruins 
Lay the cunning Pau-Puk-KeeAvis, 
Lay the handsome Yenadizze, 
Slain in his o\Yn human figure. 

Ended were his wild adventures, 
Ended were his tricks and gambols, 
Ended all his craft and cunning. 
Ended all his mischief-making. 
All his gambling and his dancing. 
All his wooing of the maidens. 

Then the noble Hiawatha 
Took his soul, his ghost, his shadow, 
Spake and said : " O Pau-Puk-Keewis ! 
Never more in human figure 
Shall you search for new adventures ; 
I^ever more with jest and laughter 
Dance the dust and leaves in whirlwinds ; 
But above there in the heavens 
You shall soar and sail in circles ; 



206 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

I will change you to an eagle, 
To Keneu, the great War-Eagle, 
Chief of all the fowls with feathers, 
Chief of Hiawatha's chickens." 

And the name of Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Lingers still among the people. 
Lingers still among the singers. 
And among the story-tellers ; 
And in Winter, when the snow-iiakes 
Whirl in eddies round the lodges. 
When the wind in gusty tumult 
O'er the smoke-flue pipes and whistles, 
" There," they cry, " comes Pau-Puk-Keewis ; 
He is dancing through the village. 
He is gathering in his harvest ! " 



XYIII. 

THE DEATH OF KWASIND. 

Far and wide among the nations 

Spread the name and fame of Kwasind ; 

'No man dared to strive Avith Kwasind, 

No man could compete with Kwasind. 

But the mischievous Puk-Wudjies, 

They the envious Little People, 

They the fairies and the pigmies, 

Plotted and conspired against him. 

" If this hateful Kwasind," said they, 

" If this great, outrageous fellow 

Goes on thus a little longer, 

Tearing everything he touches, 

Eending everything to pieces. 

Filling all the world with wonder. 

What becomes of the Puk-Wudjies ? 

Who will care for the Puk-Wudjies ? 

He will tread us down like mushrooms. 

Drive us all into the water, 

207 



208 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Give our bodies to be eaten 
By the wicked Nee-ba-naw-baigs, 
By the Spirits of the water ! " 

So the angry Little People 
All conspired against the Strong Man, 
All conspired to murder Kwasind, 
Yes, to rid the world of Kwasind, 
The audacious, overbearing, 
Heartless, liaught}", dangerous Kwasind ! 

I^ow this wondrous strength of Kwasind 
In his crown alone was seated ; 
In his crown too was his weakness ; 
There alone could he be wounded, 
I^owhere else could weapon pierce him, 
Nowhere else could weapon harm him. 

Even there the only weapon 
That could wound him, that could slay him. 
Was the seed-cone of the pine-tree, 
Was the blue cone of the fir-tree. 
This was Kwasind's fatal secret, 
Known to no man among mortals ; 
But the cunning Little People, 
The Puk-Wudjies, knew the secret, 
Knew the only way to kill him. 



THE DEATH OF KWASIND. 209 

So they gathered cones together, 
Gathered seed-cones of the pine-tree, 
Gathered blue cones of the fir-tree. 
In the woods by Taquamenaw, 
Brought them to the river's margin, 
Heaped them in great piles together, 
Where the red rocks from the margin 
Jutting overhang the river. 
There they lay in wait for Kwasind, 
The malicious Little People. 

'T was an afternoon in Summer ; 
Yery hot and still the air was, 
Yery smooth the gliding river, 
Motionless the sleeping shadows : 
Insects glistened in the sunshine, 
Insects skated on the water. 
Filled the drowsy air with buzzing. 
With a far-resounding war-cry. 

Dow^n the river came the Strong Man, 

In his birch canoe came Kwasind, 

Floating slowly down the current 

Of the sluggish Taquamenaw, 

Yery languid with the weather, 

Yery sleepy with the silence. 
. 14 



210 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

From the overhanging branches. 
From the tassels of the birch- trees, 
Soft the Spirit of Sleep descended ; 
By his airy hosts surrounded. 
His invisible attendants. 
Came the Spirit of Sleep, Nepahwin ; 
Like the burnished Dush-kwo-ne-she, 
Like a dragon-fly, he hovered 
O'er the drowsy head of Kwasind. 

To his ear there came a murmur 
As of waves upon a sea-shore, 
As of far-off tumbling w^aters. 
As of winds among the pine-trees ; 
And he felt upon his forehead 
Blows of little airy w^ar-clubs, 
AVielded by the slumbrous legions 
Of the Spirit of Sleep, Nepahwin, 
As of some one breathing on him. 

At the first blow of their w^ar-clubs. 
Fell a drowsiness on Kwasind ; 
At the second blow they smote him, 
Motionless his paddle rested ; 
At the third, before his vision 
Heeled the landscape into darkness, 



THE DEATH OF KWASIND. 211 

Yery sound asleep was Kwasind. 

So he floated down the river, 
Like a blind man seated upright, 
Floated down the Taquamenaw, 
Underneath the trembling birch-trees. 
Underneath the wooded headlands, 
Underneath the war encampment 
Of the pigmies, the Puk-Wudjies. 

There they stood, all armed and waiting, 
Hurled the pine-cones down upon him, 
Struck hira on his brawny shoulders. 
On his crown defenceless struck him. 
" Death to Kwasind ! " was the sudden 
War-cry of the Little People. 

And he sideways swayed and tumbled, 
Sideways fell into the river. 
Plunged beneath the sluggish water 
Headlong, as an otter plunges ; 
And the birch-canoe, abandoned, 
Drifted empty down the river. 
Bottom upward swerved and drifted : 
1^0 thing more was seen of Kwasind. 

But the memory of the Strong Man 
Lingered long among the people. 



212 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

And whenever through the forest 
Eaged and roared the wintry tempest, 
And the branches, tossed and troubled, 
Creaked and groaned and split asunder, 
" Kwasind ! " cried they ; " that is Kwasind ! 
He is gathering in his lire- wood ! " 



XIX. 

THE GHOSTS. 

Never stoops the soaring vulture 

On his quarry in the desert, 

On the sick or wounded bison, 

But another vulture, watching 

From his high aerial look-out. 

Sees the downward plunge, and follows; 

And a third pursues the second. 

Coming from the invisible ether, 

First a speck, and then a vulture, 

Till the air is dark with pinions. 

So disasters come not singly ; 

But as if they watched and waited, 

Scanning one another's motions. 

When the first descends, the others 

Follow, follow, gathering flock- wise 

Bound their victim, sick and wounded, 

First a shadow, then a sorrow. 

Till the air is dark with anguish. 

213 



214 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

IS'ow, o'er all the dreary ISTortbland, 
Mighty Peboan, the Winter, 
Breathing on the lakes and rivers, 
Into stone had changed their waters. 
From his hair he shook the snow-flakes, 
Till the plains were strewn with whiteness, 
One uninterrupted level, 
As if, stooping, the Creator 
With his hand had smoothed them over. 

Through the forest, Avide and wailing, 
Roamed the hunter on his snow-shoes ; 
In the village worked the women, 
Pounded maize, or dressed tlie deer-skin ; 
And the young men played together 
On the ice the noisy ball-play. 
On the plain the dance of snow-shoes. 

One dark evening, after sundown. 
In her wigwam Laughing Water 
Sat with old Nokomis, waiting 
Por the steps of Hiawatha 
Homeward from the hunt returning. 

On their faces gleamed the fire-light, 
Painting them with streaks of crimson, 
In the eyes of old l^okomis 



THE GHOSTS. 215 

Glimmered like the watery moonlight, 
In the eyes of Laughing Water 
Glistened like the sun in water ; 
And behind them crouched their shadows 
In the corners of the wigwam, 
And the smoke in wreaths above them 
Climbed and crowded through the smoke-flue. 

Then the curtain of the doorway 
From without was slowly lifted ; 
Brighter glowed the fire a moment, 
And a moment swerved the smoke-wreath, 
As two women entered softly, 
Passed the doorway uninvited, 
"Without word of salutation. 
Without sign of recognition. 
Sat down in the farthest corner, 
Crouching low among the shadows. 

From their aspect and their garments, 
Strangers seemed they in the village ; 
Yery pale and haggard were they, 
As they sat there sad and silent. 
Trembling, cowering with the shadows. 

Was it the wind above the smoke-flue, 
Muttering down into the wigwam I 



216 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

"Was it the owl, the Koko-koho, 

Hooting from the dismal forest ? 

Sure a voice said in the silence ; 

" These are corpses clad in garments, 

These are ghosts that come to haunt you. 

From the kingdom of Ponemah, 

From the land of the Hereafter ! " 

Homeward now came Hiawatha 
From his hunting in the forest, 
With the snow upon his tresses. 
And the red deer on his shoulders. 
At the feet of Laughing Water 
Down he threw his lifeless burden ; 
Nobler, handsomer she thought him. 
Than when first he came to woo her, 
First threw down the deer before her, 
As a token of his wishes, 
As a promise of the future. 

Then he turned and saw the strangers. 
Cowering, crouching with the shadows ; 
Said within himself : " Who are they ? 
What strange guests has Minnehaha?" 
But he questioned not the strangers, 
Only spake to bid them welcome 



THE GHOSTS. 217 

To his lodge, his food, his fireside. 

When the evening meal was ready. 
And the deer had been divided, 
Both the pallid guests, the strangers, 
Springing from among the shadows, 
Seized upon the choicest portions, 
Seized the white fat of the roebuck, 
Set apart for Laughing Water, 
For the wife of Hiawatha ; 
Without asking, without thanking. 
Eagerly devoured the morsels. 
Flitted back among the shadows 
In the corner of the wigwam. 

Not a word spake Hiawatha, 
IsTot a motion made Nokomis, 
!N"ot a gesture Laughing Water ; 
Kot a change came o'er their features ; 
Only Minnehaha softly 
Whispered, saying : *^ They are famished ; 
Let them do what best delights them ; 
Let them eat for they are famished." 

Many a daylight dawned and darkened, 
Many a night shook off the daylight 
As the pine shakes off the snow-flakes 



218 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

From the midnight of its branches ; 
Day by day the guests unmoving 
Sat there silent in the wigwam ; 
But by night, in storm or starlight, 
Forth they went into the forest, 
Bringing fire- wood to the wigwam, 
Bringing pine-cones for the burning, 
Always sad and always silent. 

And whenever Hiawatha 
Came from fishing or from hunting, 
When the evening meal was ready, 
And the food had been divided, 
Gliding from their darksome corner. 
Came the pallid guests, the strangers, 
Seized upon the choicest portions 
Set aside for Laughing Water, 
And without rebuke or question 
Flitted back among the shadows. 

Never once had Hiawatha 
By a word or look reproved them ; 
Never once had old Nokomis 
Made a gesture of impatience ; 
Never once had Laughing Water 
Shown resentment at the outrage. 



THE GHOSTS. 219 

All had they endured in silence, 
That the rights of guest and stranger, 
That the virtue of free-giviug, 
By a look might not be lessened. 
By a word might not be broken. 

Once at midnight Hiawatha, 
Ever wakeful, ever watchful, 
In the wigwam, dimly lighted 
By the brands that still were burning. 
By the glimmering, flickering firelight. 
Heard a sighing, oft repeated, 

Heard a sobbing, as of sorrow. 
From his couch rose Hiawatha, 

From his shaggy hides of bison. 

Pushed aside the deer-skin curtain. 

Saw the pallid guests, the shadows, 

Sitting upright on their couches 

Weeping in the silent midnight. 
And he said : " O guests ! why is it 

That your hearts are so afflicted. 

That you sob so in the midnight ? 

Has perchance the old Nokomis, 

Has my wife, my Minnehaha, 

Wrono-ed or grieved you by unkindness, 



220 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Failed in hospitable duties ? " 

Then the shadows ceased from weeping, 
Ceased from sobbing and lamenting, 
And they said, with gentle voices : 
"We are ghosts of the departed, 
Souls of those who once were with you. 
From the realms of Chibiabos 
Hither have we come to try you, 
Hither have we come to warn you. 

" Cries of grief and lamentation 
Keach us in the Blessed Islands ; 
Cries of anguish from the living. 
Calling back their friends departed, 
Sadden us with useless sorrow. 
Therefore have we come to try you ; 
No one knows us, no one heeds us, 
We are but a burden to you. 
And we see that the departed 
Have no place among the living. 

" Think of this, O Hiawatha ! 
Speak of it to all the people. 
That henceforward and for ever 
They no more with lamentations 
Sadden the souls of the departed 



THE GHOSTS. 221 

In the Islands of the Blessed. 

" Do not lay such heavy burdens 
In the graves of those you bury, 
ISTot such weight of furs and wampum, 
Kot such weight of pots and kettles, 
For the spirits faint beneath them. 
Only give them food to carry. 
Only give them fire to light them. 

'' Four days is the spirit's journey 
To the land of ghosts and shadows, 
Four its lonely night encampments ; 
Four times must their fires be lighted. 
Therefore, when the dead are buried, 
Let a fire, as night approaches. 
Four times on the grave be kindled, 
That the soul upon its journey 
May not lack the cheerful fire-light. 
May not grope about in darkness. 

" Farewell, noble Hiawatha ! 
We have put you to the trial, 
To the proof have put your patience, 
By the insult of our presence, 
By the outrage of our actions. 
We have found you great and noble. 



222 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Fail not in the greater trial, 
Faint not in the harder struggle." 

When they ceased, a sudden darkness 
Fell and filled the silent wigwam. 
Hiawatha heard a rustle 
As of garments trailing b}^ him, 
Heard the curtain of the doorway 
Lifted by a hand he saw not, 
Felt the cold breath of the night air, 
For a moment saw the starlight ; 
But he saw the ghosts no longer. 
Saw no more the wandering spirits 
From the kingdom of Ponemah, 
From the land of the Hereafter. 



XX. 

THE FAMINE. 

O THE long and dreary Winter ! 

O the cold and cruel Winter ! 

Ever thicker, thicker, thicker 

Froze the ice on lake and river, 

Ever deeper, deeper, deeper 

Fell the snow o'er all the landscape, 

Fell the covering snow, and drifted 

Through the forest, round the village. 

Hardly from his buried wigAvam 

Gould the hunter force a passage ; 

With his mittens and his snow-shoes 

Yainly walked he through the forest. 

Sought for bird or beast and found none, 

Saw no track of deer or rabbit, 

In the snow beheld no footprints. 

In the ghastly, gleaming forest 

22d 



224 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Fell, and could not rise from weakness, 
Perished there from cold and hunger. 

O the famine and the fever ! 
O the wasting of the famine ! 
O the blasting of the fever ! 
O the wailing of the children ! 

the anguish of the women ! 

All the earth was sick and famished ; 
Hungry was the air around them. 
Hungry was the sky above them, 
And the hungry stars in heaven 
Like the eyes of wolves glared at them ! 

Into Hiawatha's wigwam 
Came two other guests, as silent 
As the ghosts were, and as gloomy, 
Waited not to be invited. 
Did not parley at the doorway. 
Sat there without word of welcome 
In the seat of Laughing Water. 
Looked with haggard eyes and hollow 
At the face of Laughing Water. 

And the foremost said : " Behold me ! 

1 am Famine, Bukadawin ! " 

And the other said : " Behold me ! 



THE FAMINE. - 225 

I am Fever, Ahkosewin ! " 

And the lovely Minnehaha 
Shuddered as they looked upon her, 
Shuddered at the words they uttered, 
Lay down on her bed in silence. 
Hid her face, but made no answer ; 
Lay there trembling, freezing, burning 
At the looks they cast upon her, 
At the fearful words they uttered. 

Forth into the empty forest 
Eushed the maddened Hiawatha ; 
In his heart was deadly sorrow. 
In his face a stony firmness ; 
On his brow the sweat of anguish 
Started, but it froze and fell not. 

Wrapped in furs and armed for hunting, 
"With his mighty bow of ash-tree, 
With his quiver full of arrows. 
With his mittens, Minjekahwun, 
Into the vast and vacant forest 
On his snow-shoes strode he forward. 

" Gitche Manito, the Mighty ! " 

Cried he with his face uplifted 

In that bitter hour of anguish, 
15 



226 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" Give your children food, O father ! 
Give us food, or we must perish ! 
Give me food for Minnehaha, 
For my dying Minnehaha ! " 

Through the far-resounding forest, 
Through the forest vast and vacant. 
Rang that cry of desolation. 
But there came no other answer 
Than the echo of his crying, 
Than the echo of the woodlands, 
" Minnehaha ! Minnehaha ! " 

All day long roved Hiawatha 
In that melancholy forest, 
Through the shadow of whose thickets, 
In the pleasant days of Summer, 
Of that ne'er forgotten Summer, 
He had brought his young wife homeward 
From the land of the Dacotahs ; 
When the birds sang in the thickets. 
And the streamlets laughed and glistened. 
And the air was full of fragrance. 
And the lovely Laughing Water 
Said with voice that did not tremble : 
'' I will follow you, my husband ! " 



THE FAMINE. 227 

In the wigwam with Nokomis, 
With those gloomy guests, that watched her, 
With the Famine and the Fever, 
She was lying, the Beloved, 
She the dying Minnehaha. 

" Hark ! " she said ; " I hear a rushing, 
Hear a roaring and a rushing. 
Hear the Falls of Minnehaha 
Calling to me from a distance ! " 
" No, my child ! " said old ISTokomis, 
" 'T is the night-wind in the pine-trees ! " 

^' Look ! " she said ; " I see my father 
Standing lonely at his doorway. 
Beckoning to me from his w^igwam 
In the land of the Dacotahs ! " 
" No, my child ! " said old Nokomis, 
" 'T is the smoke that waves and beckons ! " 

" Ah ! " she said, " the eyes of Pauguk 
Glare upon me in the darkness, 
I can feel his icy fingers 
Clasping mine amid the darkness ! 
Hiawatha ! Hiawatha ! " 

And the desolate Hiawatha, 
Far away amid the forest. 



228 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Miles away among the mountains, 
Heard that sudden cry of anguish, 
Heard the voice of Minnehaha 
Calling to him in the darkness ; 
'' Hiawatha ! Hiawatha ! " 

Over snow-fields waste and pathless, 
Under snow-encumbered branches, 
Homeward hurried Hiawatha, 
Empty-handed, heavy-hearted. 
Heard Nokomis moaning, wailing : 
" Wa bono win ! Wahonowin ! 
Would that I had perished for you. 
Would that I were dead as you are ! 
Wahonowin ! Wahonowin ! " 

And he rushed into the wigwam, 
Saw the old Nokomis slowly 
Rocking to and fro and moaning. 
Saw his lovely Minnehaha 
Lying dead and cold before him. 
And his bursting heart within him 
Uttered such a cry of anguish, 
That the forest moaned and shuddered. 
That the very stars in heaven 
Shook and trembled with his anguish. 



THE FAMINE. 229 

Then he sat down, still and speechless, 
On the bed of Minnehaha, 
At the feet of Laughing Water, 
At those willing feet, that never 
More would lightly run to meet him, 
ISTever more would lightly follow. 

With both hands his face he covered, 
Seven long days and nights he sat there. 
As if in a swoon he sat there. 
Speechless, motionless, unconscious 
Of the daylight or the darkness. 

Then they buried Minnehaha ; 
In the snow^ a grave they made her, 
In the forest deep and darksome. 
Underneath the moaning hemlocks ; 
Clothed her in her richest garments. 
Wrapped her in her robes of ermine. 
Covered her with snow, like ermine ; 
Thus they buried Minnehaha. 

And at night a fire was lighted, 
On her grave four times was kindled, 
For her soul upon its journey 
To the Islands of the Blessed. 
From his doorway Hiawatha 



230 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Saw it burning in the forest, 
Lighting up the gloomy hemlocks ; 
From his sleepless bed uprising, 
From the bed of Minnehaha, 
Stood and watched it at the doorway, 
That it might not be extinguished, 
Miffht not leave her in the darkness. 

" Farewell ! " said he, " Minnehaha ! 
Farewell, O my Laughing Water ! 
All my heart is buried with you, 
All my thoughts go onward with you ! 
Come not back again to labor, 
Come not back again to suffer, 
"Where the Famine and the Fever 
Wear the heart and waste the body. 
Soon my task will be completed. 
Soon your footsteps I shall follow 
To the Islands of the Blessed, 
To the Kingdom of Ponemah, 
To the Land of the Hereafter ! '' 



XXI. 



In his lodge beside a river, 
Close beside a frozen river, 
Sat an old man, sad and lonely. 
White his hair was as a snow-drift ; 
Dull and low his fire was burning. 
And the old man shook and trembled, 
Folded in his Waubewyon, 
In his tattered white-skin-wrapper. 
Hearing nothing but the tempest 
As it roared along the forest. 
Seeing nothing but the snow-storm, 
As it whirled and hissed and drifted. 

All the coals were white with ashes, 
And the fire was slowly dying. 
As a young man, walking lightly, 
At the open doorway entered. 
Ked with blood of youth his cheeks were, 
Soft his eyes, as stars in Spring-time, 



232 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Bound bis forehead was with grasses, 
Bound and plumed with scented grasses ; 
On his lips a smile of beauty, 
Filling all the lodge with sunshine. 
In his hand a bunch of blossoms 
Fillino; all the lodo-e with sweetness. 

" Ah, my son ! " exclaimed the old man, 
" Happy are my eyes to see you. 
Sit here on the mat beside me, 
Sit here by the dying embers, 
■ Let us pass the night together. 
Tell me of your strange adventures, 
Of the lands where 3^ou have travelled ; 
I will tell you of my prowess. 
Of my many deeds of wonder." 

From his pouch he drew his peace-pipe, 
Yery old and strangely fashioned ; 
Made of red stone was the pipe-head, 
And the stem a reed with feathers ; 
Filled the pipe with bark of willow, 
Placed a burning coal upon it. 
Gave it to his guest, the stranger. 
And began to speak in this v/ise : 

" When I blow my breath about me, 



THE WHITE MAN'S FOOT. 233 

When I breathe upon the landscape, 

Motionless are all the rivers, 

Hard as stone becomes the water ! " 

And the young man answered, smiling : 
" When I blow my breath about me. 
When I breathe upon the landscape. 
Flowers spring up o'er all the meadows, 
Sino^ino^, onward rush the rivers ! " 

" When I shake my hoary tresses," 
Said the old man darkly frowning, 
" All the land with snow is covered ; 
All the leaves from all the branches 
Fall and fade and die and wither. 
For I breathe, and lo ! they are not. 
From the waters and the marshes 
Kise the wild goose and the heron. 
Fly away to distant regions. 
For I speak, and lo ! the}" are not. 
And where'er my footsteps wander, 
All the wild beasts of the forest 
Hide themselves in holes and caverns. 
And the earth becomes as flintstone ! " 

" When I shake my flowing ringlets," 
Said the young man, softly laughing, 



234 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

" Showers of rain fall warm and welcome, 
Plants lift up their heads rejoicing, 
Back unto their lakes and marshes 
Come the wild goose and the heron, 
Homeward shoots the arrowy swallow, 
Sing the blue-bird and the robin. 
And where'er my footsteps wander. 
All the meadows wave with blossoms. 
All the woodlands ring with music. 
All the trees are dark with foliage ! " 

While they spake, the night departed ; 
From the distant realms of Wabun, 
From his shining lodge of silver, 
Like a warrior robed and painted, 
Came the sun, and said : " Behold me ! 
Gheezis, the great sun, behold me ! " 

Then the old man's tongue was speechless, 
And the air grew warm and pleasant. 
And upon the wigwam sweetly 
Sanfr the blue-bird and the robin. 
And the stream began to murmur, 
And a scent of growing grasses 
Through the lodge was gently wafted. 

And Segwun, the youthful stranger. 



THE WHITE MAN'S FOOT. 235 

More distinctly in the daylight 
Saw the icy face before him ; 
It was Peboan, the "Winter ! 

From his eyes the tears were floAving, 
As from melting lakes the streamlets, 
And his body shrunk and dwindled 
As the shouting sun ascended, 
Till into the air it faded^ 
Till into the ground it vanished. 
And the young man saw before him. 
On the hearth-stone of the wigwam, 
Where the lire had smoked and smouldered, 
Saw the earliest flower of Spring-time, 
Saw the Beauty of the Spring-time, 
Saw the Miskodeed in blossom. 

Thus it was that in the ^Northland 
After that unheard-of coldness. 
That intolerable Winter, 
Came the Spring with all its splendor. 
All its birds and all its blossoms. 
All its flowers and leaves and grasses. 

Sailing on the wind to northward, 
Flying in great flocks, like arrows, 
Like huo^e arrows shot throug-h heaven. 



236 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Passed the swan, the Mahnahbezee, 
Speaking almost as a man speaks ; 
And in long lines waving, bending 
Like a bow-string snapped asunder, 
The white goose, the Waw-be-wawa ; 
And in pairs, orsingl}^ %ing, 
Mahng the loon, with clangorous pinions, 
The blue heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, 
And the growse, the Mushkodassa. 

In the thickets and the meadows 
Piped the blue-bird, the Owaissa, 
On the summit of the lodges 
Sang the Opechee, the robin. 
In the covert of the pine-trees 
Cooed the pigeon, the Omeme, 
And the sorrowing Hiawatha, 
Speechless in his infinite sorrow. 
Heard their voices calling to him, 
AYent forth from his gloomy doorway. 
Stood and gazed into the heaven. 
Gazed upon the earth and \Yaters. 

From his wanderings far to eastward. 
Prom the regions of the morning, 
Prom the shining land of Wabun, 



THE WHITE MAN'S FOOT. 237 

Homeward now returned lagoo, 
The great traveller, the great boaster, 
Full of new and strange adventures, 
Marvels many and many wonders. 

And the people of the village 
Listened to him as he told them 
Of his marvellous adventures. 
Laughing answered him in this wise : 
" Ugh ! it is indeed lagoo ! 
No one else beholds such wonders ! " 

He had seen, he said, a water 
Bigger than the Big-Sea-Water, 
Broader than the Gitche Gumee, 
Bitter so that none could drink it ! 
At each other looked the warriors, 
Looked the women at each other. 
Smiled, and said : " It cannot be so ! 
Kaw ! " they said, " it cannot be so ! " 

O'er it, said he, o'er this water 
Came a great canoe with pinions, 
A canoe with wings came flying. 
Bigger than a grove of pine-trees. 
Taller than the tallest tree-tops ! 
And the old men and the women 



238 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Looked and tittered at each other ; 
" Kaw ! " they said, " we don't believe it ! " 

From its mouth, he said, to greet him, 
Came Way wassimo, the lightning, 
Came the thunder, Annemeekee ! 
And the warriors and the women 
Laughed aloud at poor lagoo ; 
" Kaw ! " they said, " what tales you tell us ! " 

In it, said he, came a people, 
In the great canoe with pinions 
Came, he said, a hundred warriors ; 
Painted white were all their faces, 
And with hair their chins were covered ! 
And the warriors and the women 
Laughed and shouted in derision, 
Like the ravens on the tree-tops. 
Like the crows upon the hemlocks. 
" Kaw ! " they said, " what lies you tell us ! 
Do not think that we believe them ! '^ 

Only Hiawatha laughed not. 
But he gravely spake and answered 
To their jeering and their jesting : 
" True is all lagoo tells us ; 
I have seen it in a vision, 



THE WHITE MAN'S FOOT. 239 

Seen the great canoe with pinions, 
Seen the people with white faces, 
Seen the coming of this bearded 
People of the wooden vessel 
From the regions of the morning. 
From the shining land of Wabun. 

" Gitche Manito the Mighty, 
The Great Spirit, the Creator, 
Sends them hither on his errand. 
Sends them to us with his message. 
Wheresoe'er they move, before them 
Swarms the stinging fly, the Ahmo, 
Swarms the bee, the honey-maker; 
Wheresoe'er they tread, beneath them 
Springs a flower unknown among us, 
Springs the White-man's Foot in blossom. 

" Let us welcome, then, the strangers. 
Hail them as our friends and brothers. 
And the heart's right hand of friendship 
Give them when they come to see us. 
Gitche Manito, the Mighty, 
Said this to me in my vision. 

" I beheld, too, in that vision 
All the secrets of the future, 



240 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Of the distant days that shall be. 
I beheld the westward marches 
Of the unknown, croAvded nations. 
All the land was full of people, 
Restless, struggling, toiling, striving, 
Speaking many tongues, yet feeling 
But one heart-beat in their bosoms. 
In the woodlands rang their axes. 
Smoked their towns in all the valleys. 
Over all the lakes and rivers 
Rushed their great canoes of thunder. 

" Then a darker, drearier vision 
Passed before me, vague and cloud-like ; 
I beheld our nations scattered, 
All forgetful of my counsels. 
Weakened, warring with each other ; 
Saw the remnants of our people 
Sweeping westward, wild and woful, 
Like the cloud-rack of a tempest. 
Like the withered leaves of autumn ! " 



XXII. 

Hiawatha's departure. 

By the shore of Gitche Gumee, 
By the shining Big-Sea-Water, 
At the doorway of his wigwam, 
In the pleasant Summer morning, 
Hiawatha stood and waited. 

All the air was full of freshness, 
All the earth Avas bright and joyous, 
And before him, through the sunshine. 
Westward toAvard the neighboring forest 
Passed in golden swarms the Ahmo 
; Passed the bees^the honey-makers, 
•Burning, singing in the sunshine. 

Bright above him shone the heavens. 

Level spread the lake before him ; 

From its bosom leaped the sturgeon, 

Sparkling, flashing in the sunshine ; 

On its margin the great forest 
1 6 ^^1 



242 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Stood reflected in the water, 
Every tree-top had its shadow, 
Motionless beneath the water. 

From the brow of Hiawatha 
Gone was every trace of sorrow. 
As the fog from off the water, 
As the mist from off the meadow. 
With a smile of joy and triumph. 
With a look of exultation. 
As of one who in a vision 
Sees what is to be, but is not, 
Stood and waited Hiawatha. 

Toward the sun his hands were lifted,^ 
Both the palms spread out against it^ 
And between the parted fingers 
Fell the sunshine on his features. 
Flecked with light his naked shoulders, 
As it falls and flecks an oak-tree 
Through the rifted leaves and branches. 

O'er the water floating, flying. 
Something in the hazy distance. 
Something in the mists of morning, 

1 In this manner, and with such salutations, was Father 
Marquette received by the Illinois. See his Voyage et Decou- 
vertes, Section V. 



HIAWATHA'S DEPARTURE. 243 

Loomed and lifted from the water, 
Now seemed floating, now seemed flying, 
Coming nearer, nearer, nearer. 

Was it Shingebis the diver ? 
Was it the pelican, the Shada? 
Or the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah ? 
Or the white goose, Waw-be-wawa, 
With the water dripping, flashing 
From its glossy neck and feathers ? 

It was neither goose nor diver, 
Neither pelican nor heron. 
O'er the water floating, flying, 
Through the shining mist of morning. 
But a birch canoe with paddles, 
Eising, sinking on the water. 
Dripping, flashing in the sunshine, 
And within it came a people 
From the distant land of Wabun, 
From the farthest realms of morning 
Came the Black-Eobe chief, the Prophet, 
He the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face, 
With his guides and his companions. 

And the noble Hiawatha, 
With his hands aloft extended. 



2M THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Held aloft in sign of welcome, 

Waited, full of exultation, 

Till the birch canoe with paddles 

Grated on the shining pebbles. 

Stranded on the sandy margin, 

Till the Black-Eobe chief, the Pale-face, 

With the cross upon his bosom. 

Landed on the sandy margin. 

Then the joyous Hiawatha 
Cried aloud and spake in this wise : 
" Beautiful is the sun, O strangers, 
When 3^ou com^ so far to see us ! 
All our town in peace awaits you, 
All our doors stand open for you ; 
You shall enter all our wigwams. 
For the heart's right hand we give you. 

" Never bloomed the earth so gayly, 
Never shone the sun so brightly. 
As to-day they shine and blossom 
When you come so far to see us ! 
Never was our lake so tranquil. 
Nor so free from rocks and sand-bars ; 
For your birch canoe in passing 
Has removed both rock and sand-bar ! 



HIAWATHA'S DEPARTURE. 245 

" Never before had our tobacco 
Such a sweet and pleasant flavor, 
ISTever the broad leaves of our corn-fields 
Were so beautiful to look on, 
As they seem to us this morning, 
When you come so far to see us ! " 

And the Black-Eobe chief made answer, 
Stammered in his speech a little, 
Speaking words yet unfamiliar : 
" Peace be with you, Hiawatha, 
Peace be with you and your people. 
Peace of prayer, and peace of pardon. 
Peace of Christ, and joy of Mary ! " 

Then the generous Hiawatha 
Led the strangers to his wigwam. 
Seated them on skins of bison. 
Seated them on skins of ermine. 
And the careful, old ISTokomis 
Brought them food in bowls of bass-wood. 
Water brought in birchen dippers. 
And the calumet, the peace-pipe. 
Filled and lighted for their smoking. 

All the old men of the village. 
All the warriors of the nation, 



246 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

All the Jossakeeds, the prophets, 
The magicians, the "Wabenos, 
And the medicine-men, the Medas, 
Came to bid the strangers welcome ; 
" It is well," they said, " O brothers, 
That you come so far to see us ! " 

In a circle round the doorway. 
With their pipes they sat in silence, 
Waiting to behold the strangers. 
Waiting to receive their message ; 
Till the Black-Robe chief, the Pale-face, 
From the wigwam came to greet them. 
Stammering in his speech a little. 
Speaking words yet unfamiliar ; 
" It is well," they said, " O brother. 
That you come so far to see us ! " 

Then the Black-Eobe chief, the prophet, 
Told his message to the people. 
Told the purport of his mission. 
Told them of the Virgin Mary, 
And her blessed Son, the Saviour, 
IIow in distant lands and ages 
He had lived on earth as Ave do ; 
How he fasted, prayed, and labored ; 



HIAWATHA'S DEPARTURE. 247 

How the Jews, the tribe accursed, 
Mocked him, scourged him, crucified him ; 
How he rose from where they laid him, 
Walked again with his disciples. 
And ascended into heaven. 

And the chiefs made answer, saying : 
" We have listened to your message, 
We have heard your words of wisdom. 
We will think on what you tell us. 
It is well for us, O brothers. 
That you come so far to see us ! " 

Then they rose up and departed 
Each one homeward to his wigwam, 
To the young men and the women 
Told the story of the strangers 
Whom the Master of Life had sent them 
From the shining land of Wabun. 

Heavy with the heat and silence 
Grew the afternoon of Summer ; 
With a drowsy sound the forest 
Whispered round the sultry wigwam, 
AYith a sound of sleep the water 
Rippled on the beach below it ; 
From the corn-field shrill and ceaseless 



24:8 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Sang the grasshopper, Pah-puk-keena : 
And the guests of Hiawatha, 
Weary with the heat of Summer, 
Slumbered in the sultry wigwam. 

Slowly o'er the simmering landscape 
Fell the evening's dusk and coolness, 
And the long and level sunbeams 
Shot their spears into the forest. 
Breaking through its shields of shadow. 
Rushed into each secret ambush. 
Searched each thicket, dingle, hollow ; 
Still the guests of Hiawatha 
Slumbered in the silent wigwam. 
From his place rose Hiawatha, 
Bade farewell to old Kokomis, 
Spake in whispers, spake in this wise, 
Did not wake the guests, that slumbered : 

" I am going, O Nokomis, 
On a long and distant journey. 
To the portals of the Sunset, 
To the regions of the home- wind, 
Of the E"orthwest wind, Keewaydin. 
But these guests I leave behind me. 
In your watch and ward I leave them ; 



HIAWATHA'S DEPARTURE. 249 

See that never harm comes near them, 
See that never fear molest them, 
I^ever danger nor suspicion, 
Never want of food or shelter, 
In the lodge of Hiawatha ! " 

Forth into the village went he. 
Bade farewell to all the warriors. 
Bade farewell to all the young men. 
Spake persuading, spake in this wise : 

" I am going, O my people. 
On a long and distant journey ; 
Many moons and many winters 
Will have come, and will have vanished, 
Ere I come again to see you. 
But my guests I leave behind me ; 
Listen to their words of wisdom. 
Listen to the truth they tell you, 
For the master of Life has sent them 
From the land of lio-ht and mornino^ ! " 

On the shore stood Hiawatha, 
Turned and waved his hand at parting ; 
On the clear and luminous water 
Launched his birch canoe for sailing. 
From the pebbles of the margin 



250 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 

Shoved it forth into the water ; 
Whispered to it, " Westward ! westward ! " 
And with speed it darted forward. 

And the evening sun descending 
Set the clouds on fire with redness, 
Burned the broad sky, like a prairie, 
Left upon the level water 
One long track and trail of splendor, 
Down whose stream, as down the river, 
Westward, westward Hiawatha 
Sailed into the fiery sunset. 
Sailed into the purple vapors, 
Sailed into the dusk of evening. 

And the people from the margin 
Watched him floating, rising, sinking, 
Till the birch canoe seemed lifted 
High into that sea of splendor. 
Till it sank into the vapors 
Like the new moon slowly, slowly 
Sinking in the purple distance. 
And they said : " Farewell for ever ! " 
Said, " Farewell, O Hiawatha ! " 
And the forests, dark and lonely, 
Moved through all their depths of darkness, 



HIAWATHA'S DEPARTURE. 251 

Sighed : " Farewell, O Hiawatha ! " 
And the waves upon the margin 
Kising, rippling on the pebbles, 
8obbed : " Farewell, O Hiawatha ! " 
And the heron, the Shuh-shoh-gah, 
From her haunts among the fen-lands, 
Screamed : ^' Farewell, O Hiawatha ! " 

Thus departed Hiawatha, 
Hiawatha the Beloved, 
In the glory of the sunset. 
In the purple mists of evening. 
To the regions of the home-wind. 
Of the Northwest wind Keewaydin, 
To the Islands of the Blessed, 
To the kingdom of Ponemah, 
To the land of the Hereafter ! 



GLOSSARY. 



Adjidau'mo, the red squirrel. 

Ahdeek', the reindeer. 

Ahkose''win, fever. 

Ahmeek', the heaver. 

Ali'nio, the bee. 

Algon''quin, Ojibivay. 

Annemee'kee, the thunder. 

Apuk''wa, a bulrush. 

Bairn- wa'wa, the sound of the thun- 
der. 

Bemal/gut, the grape-vine. 

Be''na, the pheasant. 

Big-Sea- Water, Lake Superior. 

Bukada'win, famine. 

Cheemaun'', a birch canoe. 

Chetowaik', the plover. 

Chibia'bos, a musician ; friend of 
Hiaioatha ; ruler in the Land of 
Spirits. 

Dahin''da, the bull-frog. 

Dush-kwo-ne'-she, or Kwo-ne'-she, 
the dragon-fly. 

Esa, shame ujpon you. 

Ewa-yea', lullaby. 

Ghee'zis, the sun. 

Gitche Gu'mee, the Big-Sea- Water, 
Lake Superior. 

Gitche Man'ito, the Great Spirit., the 
Master of Life. 

Gushkewau', the darkness. 

Hiawa''tha, the Wise Man, the 
Teacher ; son of Mudjekeewis, the 
West-Wind, and Wenonah, daiigh- 
ter of Nokomis. 

la'goo, a great boaster and story- 
teller. 

Inin'ewug, men, or paions in the 
Game of the Bowl, Wedgemen. 

Ishkoodah', fire ; a comet. 

Jee'bi, a ghost, a spirit. 

Joss'akeed, a prophet. 

Ka'beyun, the West-Wind. 

Kabibonok-'ka, the North-Wind. 

Kagh, the hedgehog. 

Ka''go, do not. 

Kahgahgee', the raven. 

Kaw, no. 

Kaween'', no indeed. 

Kayoshk', the sea-gull. 



Kee'go, a fish. 

Keeway'din, the Northivest ivind, 
the Home-wind. 

Kena'beek, a serpent. 

Keneu', the great war-eagle. 

Keno^zha, the pickerel. 

Ko''ko-ko''ho, the owl. 

Kuntassoo^ the Game of Plum-stones 

Kwa'sind, the Strong Man. 

Kwo-ne'-she, or Dush-kwo-ne'she, the 
dragon-fly. 

Mahuahbe'zee, the swan. 

Mahng, the loon. 

Mahn-go-tay'see, loon-hearted brave. 

Mahuomo'nee, wild rice. 

Ma'ma, the woodpecker. 

Man^ito, s^^irit. 

Maskeno'zha. the pike. 

Me''da, a medicine-man. 

MeMamin, the art of healing. 

Meenah''ga, tJie blueberry. 

Megissog^won, the great Pearl- 
Feather, a magician, and the 
Manifo of Wealth. 

Meshinai/wa, a jjipe-bearer. 

Minjekah''wun, Hiau-atha's mittens. 

Minneha'ha, Laughing Water; a 
ivater-fcdl on a .stream running 
into the Mississippi, between Fort 
Snelling and the Falls of St. An- 
thony. 

Minneha'ha, Laughing Water ; wife 
of Hicaoatha. 

Minne-wa'wa, a pleasant sound, as 
of the tviad in the trees. 

Mishe-Mo'kwa, the Great Bear. 

Mishe-Nah''ma, the Great Sturgeon. 

Miskodeed', the Spring Beauty, the 
Claytonia Virginica 

Mitche Manito, spirit of evil. 

Monda''min, maize ; Indian corn. 

Moon of Bright Nights, April. 

Moon of Leaves, May. 

Moon of Strawberries, June. 

Moon of the Falling Leaves, Sep- 
tember. 

Moon of Snow-shoes, November. 

MudjekeeVis, the West-Wind ; 
father of Hiawatha. 

253 



254 



GLOSSARY. 



Mudway-aiish'ka, sound of waves on 

a shore. 
Mushkoda''sa, the grouse. 
Mus'koday, the meadow. 
Nah'ma, the sturgeon. 
Nah'ina-wusk, spearmint. 
Na'govv Wudj'oo, the Sand Dunes 

of Lake Superior. 
Nawada'ha, a sweet singer. 
Nee-ba-uaw'-baigs, water-spirits 
Nenemoo'sha, siveetheart. 
Nepah''\vin, spirit of sleep. 
Noko'inis, a grandmother ; mother 

of Wenonah. 
'No'sa, my father. 
Nush'ka, look ! look ! 
Odali'min, the straivberry. 
Ojeeg', the summer-water, t)te 

Fisher Weasel. 
Okahah'vvis, the fresh-water herring. 
Ome'me, the pigeon. 
Ona'^gon. a bowl. 
Onaway', awake. 
Ope'chee, the robin. 
Osse'o, Son of the Evening Star. 
Owais'sa, the blue-bird. 
Oweenee', toife of Osseo. 
Ozawa'beek, a round piece of brass 

or copper in the Game of the Bowl. 
Pah-puk-kee'na, the grasshopper. 
Paimosaid'', the stecdthy walker, 

thief. 
Pau'guk, death. 
Pau-Puk-Kee'vvis, the handsome 

Yenadizze, the Storm Fool. 
Pauwa'ting, Saut Sainte Marie. 
Pe''boan, Winter. 
Pem^ican, meat of the deer or buffalo 

dried and pounded. 
Pezhekee^, the bison. 
Pishnekuh', the brant. 
Pone'mah, hereafter. 
Pugasaing', Game of the Bowl. 
Pugamau''gun, a vmr-club. 
Pukwana, smoke of the Peace Pipe. 
Puk-Wudi''ies, little tvild men of the 

woods ; pigmies. 
Sah-sah-je'-wun, rapids. 



Sah'wa, the perch. 

Sebowish''a, a rividet, brook. 

Segwun', Spring. 

Sha'da, the pelican. 

Shahbo''min, the gooseberry. 

Shah'-shah, long ago. 

Shaugoda'ya, a coward. 

Shawgashee', the craw-fish. 

Shawoiida'see, the South-Wind. 

Shaw-shaw, the swcdluw. 

Shesh'ebwug, ducks ; pieces in the 
Game of the Boui. 

Shiu^gebis, the diver, or grebe. 

Showain'nenie''shin, pity me. 

Shuh-shuli^-gah, the blue heron. 

Soau-ge-ta'ba, slrong-Jiearted. 

Subbeka'she, the spider. 

Sugge^iua, the mosquito. 

Tain'arack, the larch-tree. 

Tawaseu'tha, Norman's Kill, Al- 
bany County, Neiv York. 

To'tem, family coat-of-arms. 

Ugh, yes. 

Ugudwash', the sun-fiSh. 

Unktahee'', the god of icater. 

Wabas''so, the rabbit ,' the North. 

Wabe'no, a magician, a juggler. 

Wabe'no-vvusk, yarrow. 

Wa^bun, the East-Wind. 

Wa'bun An'nung, the Star of the 
East, the Morning Star. 

Wa'gemin, crooked grain, thief of 
cornfields. 

Wahono'win, a cry of lamentation. 

Wah-wah-tay'see,'</ie fire-fly. 

Wam'pum, beads of shell. 

Waubewy'on, a white skin wrapper. 

Wa'wa. the wild-goose. 

Waw'beek, a rock. 

Waw-be-wa'wa, the white goose. 

Wawonais'sa, the rvhippoorwill. 

Way-muk-kwa'na, the caterpillar. 

Wen''digoes, giants. 

Weno^nab, Hiaioatha''s mother, 
daughter of Nokomis. 

Yenadiz'ze, an idler and gambler ; 
an Indian dandy. 



APPENDIX. 



BY HENEY KETCHAM. 

The materials for " The Song of Hiawatha " are 
found in the myths and legends of certain Indian 
tribes, which have been collected by Henry R. 
Schoolcraft and published under the title of " Algic 
Researches." This book — two small volumes in one 
— is out of print. As it is not accessible to the 
general reader, such portions of it as throw light 
upon Longfellow's poem are given below, partly ver- 
batim and partly in brief condensations. The best 
judge upon the question whether Longfellow re- 
produced accurately the spirit of these legends, is 
without doubt Mr. Schoolcraft himself. It is there- 
fore worth the while o.f the general reader to note 
the following letter which is his dedication of 
" The Myth of Hiawatha and other Oral Legends, 
Mythologic and Allegoric, of the ]N"orth American 
Indians." 

" To Professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 

" Sir : — Permit me to dedicate to you this volume 
of Indian myths and legends, derived from the story- 
telling circle of the native wigwams. That they indi- 
cate the possession, by the Yesperic tribes, of mental 
resources of a very characteristic kind, — furnishing, 

^55 



256 APPENDIX. 

in fact, a new point from which to judge the race 
and to excite intellectual sympathies, — you have 
most felicitously shown in your poem of Hiawatha. 
Not only so, but you have demonstrated, by this 
pleasing series of pictures of Indian life, sentiment, 
and invention, that the use of the native lore reveals 
one of the true sources of our literary independ- 
ence. Greece and Rome, England and Italy, have 
so long furnished, if they have not exhausted, the 
field of poetic culture, that it is at least refreshing 
to find, both in theme and metre, something new. 
" Very truly, yours, 

" Henky E. Schoolcraft." 

From the first Hiawatha was very popular. For 
the first year or two after its publication, its sale 
was considerably greater than that of any other 
volume by the author, and was for those days enor- 
mous. This popularity was not confined to the 
general reading public, but extended to literary 
people and specialists in folk-lore. The poem, apart 
from its interest as a poem, will always be valuable 
for the reason that it crystallizes, in a form remark- 
ably fascinating, these myths and legends of a race 
that has almost passed away. 



FASTS. 



The rite of fasting is one of the most deep-seated 
and universal in the Indian ritual. It is practised 
among all the American tribes, and is deemed by 



APPENDIX. 257 

them essential to their success in life in every situa- 
tion, ^o young man is fitted and prepared to be- 
gin the career of life until he has accomplished his 
great fast. Seven days appear to have been the 
ancient maximum limit of endurance, and the suc- 
cess of the devotee is inferred from the length of 
continued abstinence to which he is known to have 
attained. These fasts are anticipated by youth as 
one of the most important events of life. They are 
awaited with interest, prepared for M^th solemnity, 
and endured with a self-devotion bordering on the 
heroic. Character is thought to be fixed from this 
period, and the primary fast, thus prepared for and 
successfully established, seems to hold that relative 
importance to subsequent years that is attached to 
a public profession of religious faith in civilized 
communities. It is at this period that the young 
men and the young women " see visions and dream 
dreams," and fortune or misfortune is predicted 
from the guardian spirit chosen during this, to 
them, religions ordeal. The hallucinations of the 
mind arc taken for divine inspiration. The effect 
is deeply felt and strongly impressed on the mind ; 
too deeply, indeed, to be ever obliterated in after 
life. The father, in the circle of his lodge, the hun- 
ter in the pursuit of the chase, the warrior in the 
field of battle, think of the guardian genius which 
they fancy to accompany them, and trust to his 
power and benign influence under every circum- 
stance. This genius is the absorbing theme of their 
silent meditations, and stands to them in all respects 
in place of the Christian's hope, with the single 
17 



258 APPENDIX. 

difference that, however deeply mused upon, the 
naw.e is never uttered, and every circumstance con- 
nected with its selection, and the devotion paid to 
it, is most studiously and confessedly concealed even 
from their nearest friends. 

Fasts in subsequent life appear to have for their 
object a renewal of the powers and virtues which 
they attribute to the rite. And they are observed 
more frequently by those ay ho strive to preserve 
unaltered the ancient state of society among- them, 
or by men who assume austere habits for the purpose 
of acquiring influence in the tribe, or as preparatives 
for war or some extraordinary feat. It is not 
knoAvn hat there is any fixed day observed as a 
general fast. So far as a rule is followed, a general 
fast seems to have been observed in the spring, and 
to \\'iyNQ lyreceded \h^ general and customary feasts 
at that season. 

It will be inferred from these facts, that the 
Indians believe fasts to be very meritorious. They 
are deemed most acceptable to the manitoes or 
spirits whose influence and protection they wish to 
engage or preserve. And it is thus cleiirly deduci- 
ble that a very large proportion of the time devoted 
by the Indians to secret worship, so to say, is de- 
voted to the guardian or intermediate spirits, and 
not to the 'Great Spirit or Creator. 

" Algic Kesearches," Yol. I, p. 148, note. 

[Quoted verbatim.] 



APPENDIX. 259 

[CAKTO II.] 

Shawondasee. 

(From the mythology of the Odjibwas.) 

MuDJEKEwis and nine brothers conquered the 
Mammoth Bear, and obtained the Sacred Belt of 
Wampum, the great object of previous warlike 
enterprise, and the great means of happiness to men. 
The chief honor of this achievement was awarded to 
Mudjekewis, the youngest of the ten, who received 
the government of the AYest Winds. He is there- 
fore called Kabeyun, the father of tlie winds. To 
his son, Wabun, he gave the East ; to Shawondasee, 
the South ; and Kabibonokka, the North. Mana- 
BozHo, being an illegitimate son, was left unprovided. 
When he grew up, and obtained the secret of his 
birth, he went to war against his father, Kabeyun, 
and having brought the latter to terms, he received 
the government of the T^orthwest Winds, ruling 
jointly with his brother Kabibonokka the tempests 
from that quarter of the heavens. 

Shawondasee is represented as an affluent, ple- 
thoric old man, who has grown unwiekly from reple- 
tion and seldom moves. He keeps his eyes stead- 
fastly fixed on the north. When he sighs, in 
autumn, we have those balmy southern airs, which 
communicate warmth and delight over the northern 
hemisphere, and make the Indian Summer. 

One day, while gazing toward the north, he 
beheld a beautiful young woman of slender and 



260 APPENDIX. 

majestic form, standing on the plains. She appeared 
in the same place for several days, but what most 
attracted his admiration, was her bright and flow- 
ing locks of yellow hair. Ever dilatory, however, 
he contented himself with gazing. At length he 
saw, or fancied he saw, her head enveloped in a pure 
Avhite mass like snow. This excited his jealousy 
toward his brother Kabibonokka, and he threw out 
a succession of short and rapid sighs — when lo ! the 
air was filled with light filaments of a silvery hue, 
but the object of his affections had forever vanished. 
In reality, the southern airs had blown off the fine- 
winged seed-vessels of the prairie dandelion. 

" My son," said the narrator, " it is not wise to 
differ in our tastes from other people ; nor ought 
we to put off, through slothfulness, what is best 
done at once. Had Shawondasee conformed to the 
tastes of his countrymen he would not have been 
an admirer of yellow hair ; and if he had evinced a 
proper activity in his youth, his mind would not 
have run flower-gathering in his age." — lb., Yol. II., 
pp. 214-15. 

[CANTOS II., III., lY., YIIL, IX., ETC.] 

Manabozho. 

He was brought up by his grandmother, Kokomis. 
When he reached the period of youth and felt his 
growing strength, he fell to thinking of his parents, 
of whom he had never heard. After some insist- 
ence he learned that his father was the West 
Wind, whose cruelty had caused the death of his 



APPENDIX. 261 

mother at his birth, and that she. ISTokomis, had 
taken charge of him from infancy. The North, 
East, and South Winds were his brothers. 

He instantly determined to take vengeance upon 
his father and started West in search of hira. Upon 
meeting, the two cultivated each other's acquaintance 
with an outward show of friendliness. Manabozho 
then asked his father if there was anything he feared. 
The latter at first disclaimed all fear, but, after skil- 
ful coaxing, confessed to a fear of a certain black 
stone, found in such and such a place, the only thing 
on earth that had power to injure him. 

The father then asked a like question of the son, 
who simulated abject terror of the bulrush-root. 
The son then set out to procure the black stone, 
and the father secret!}^ set out to procure the root 
of the bulrush. Upon their next meeting, the son 
accused the father of causing the mother's death, 
and the fight was on. The son was strong and 
possessed the fateful black stone. The father, 
though his weapon was the harmless bulrush, made 
a desperate though losing fight, and was crowded 
back over rivers, lakes, and mountains, until he 
came to " the brink of the world." There hostilities 
were suspended and the father proposed a settle- 
ment. 

He set forth the fact that it was impossible to 
kill him, and that the four quarters of the earth 
were already occupied, but made the following prop- 
osition : " You can do a great deal of good to the 
people of this earth, which is infested with large 
serpents, beasts, and monsters [cannibals], who 



262 APPENDIX. 

make great havoc among the inhabitants. Go and 
do good. You have the power now to do so, and 
your fame with the beings of this earth will last 
forever." 

This pacified Manabozho who returned to his 
lodge, where his grandmother nursed him to the 
recovery of his wounds. 



Nokomis then told him that her husband had been 
killed by Pearl Feather, since which time she had 
had no oil for her hair, which was now falling out 
for the lack of it. lie asked her to make a line of 
cedar-bark while he made a canoe. When all was 
ready he went out into the middle of the lake to 
fish for the king of fishes, — the sturgeon. Casting 
his line, he shouted a challenge. The trout took the 
hook, and pulled hard, but when Manabozho saw 
that it was only the trout he shamed it off. Then 
the sun-fish took the hook, with a similar result. 
The fisherman Avas loud in his challenging until the 
sturgeon swallowed fisherman and canoe, at one 
gulp. The fisherman being now in the belly of the 
fish, seized his war-club and pounded away at the 
heart of the fish, who became sick and showed a 
disposition to vomit up his unusual meal. Mana- 
bozho prevented this by placing his canoe across 
the opening of the throat and so blocking the pas- 
sage. By the vigorous use of his war-club he killed 
the fish, and then rested in his not uncomfortable 
ark to await developments. The fish was washed 
upon the shore, v/here the gulls attacked it and ate 
their way through, thus releasing him. He returned 



APPENDIX. 263 

to his lodge, which was near at hand, and invited 
his grandmother to help herself to all the oil she 
wanted. 



His next adventure was an attack upon Pearl 
Feather to avenge the death of his grandfather. 
This Manito lived on the opposite side of the lake, 
and his abode was guarded, first, by two fiery ser- 
pents, and secondly, by a large mass of gummy 
matter floating upon the water and of a nature so 
sticky that nothing could pass. Manabozho got by 
the serpents by a trick, getting them to turn their 
heads. He then sliot them dead. He then oiled 
the boat and so got over the pitchy substance. 

Then came the conflict with Pearl Feather which 
lasted all day. Manabozho had but three arrows 
left. At this point a woodpecker came to his aid 
with the information that his antagonist had one 
vulnerable spot, namely, at the lock of hair on the 
crown of his bead. Following the suggestion the 
warrior aimed as indicated. The first arrow made 
him totte^r, the second brought him to his knees, 
and the third pierced his skull. The woodpecker 
was rewarded by having his head adorned by the 
blood of the victim. The red tuft-feathers are to-day 
valued by the Indians and are symbolical of valor. 

Manabozho. 

The accounts which the Indians hand down of 
a remarkable personage of miraculous birth, who 



264 APPENDIX. 

waged a warfare with monsters, performed the most 
extravagant and heroic feats, underwent a catas- 
trophe like Jonah's, and survived a general deluge, 
constitute a very prominent portion of their cabin 
lore. Interwoven with these leading traits are in- 
numerable tales of personal achievement, sagacity, 
endurance, miracle, and trick, which place him in 
almost every scene of deep interest that could be 
imagined, from the competitor on the Indian play- 
ground, to a giant-killer, or a mysterious being of 
stern, all-knowing, superhuman power. Whatever 
man could do he could do. He affected all the 
powers of a necromancer. He wielded the arts of 
a demon, and had the ubiquity of a god. . . . 

His birth and parentage are obscure. Storj^ says 
his grandmother was the daughter of the moon. 
Having been married but a short time, her rival at- 
tracted her to a grapevine swing on the banks of a 
lake, and by one bold exertion pitched her into its 
centre, from which she fell through to the earth. 
Having a daughter, the fruit of her lunar marriage, 
she was very careful in instructing her, from early 
infancy, to beware of the West Wind. 

[This precaution w^as neglected, and the West 
Wind— k^hawondasee — became the fatlier of Mana- 
bozho, annihilating her at the moment of th>6^ birth 
of her son.] 

Yery little is told of his early boyhood. . . . He 
soon evinced the sagacity, cunning, perseverance, 
and heroic courage which constitute the admiration 
of the Indians. And he relied largely upon these 
in the gratification of an ambitious, vainglorious, 



APPENDIX. 265 

and mischief -loving disposition. In wisdom and 
energy he was superior to any one who had ever 
lived before. Yet he was simple when circumstances 
required it, and was ever the object of tricks and 
ridicule in others. He could transform himself into 
any animal he pleased, being man or manito, as 
circumstances rendered necessary. He often con- 
versed with animals, fowls, reptiles, and fishes. He 
deemed himself related to them, and invariably ad- 
dressed them by the term " my brother," and one 
of his greatest resources, when hard pressed, was to 
change himself into their shapes. — lb., Yol I. — pp. 
134-7. 

[CANTO Y] 
Mon-Daw-Min ; 

OR, 

The Origin Of Indian Corn. 
An Odjibwa Tale. 

WuNZH was the name of the Indian who was just 
reaching the period of maturity. Like his father, 
he was, though poor, contented and grateful to the 
Great Spirit for such blessings as he had. When he 
withdrew into solitude for his seven-days fast, he 
spent the daytime in Avalking through the woods 
and over the mountains, which not only gave him 
the exercise that would make his sleep refreshing, 
but his observations of plants and flowers prepared 
his mind for pleasant dreams. He meditated much 
upon the problem of poverty, and wondered if the 



266 APPENDIX. 

Great Spirit would not provide some way whereby 
living could be obtained easier than by hunting and 
fishing alone. He determined to try to discover 
this in his visions. 

He was duly rewarded. While lying on his bed, 
faint from fasting, there came a vision of a hand- 
some young man, descending from the sky, richly 
dressed in clothing of green and yellow, with wav- 
ing plumes upon his head. The stranger declared 
the Great Spirit, pleased with his motives of kind- 
ness, had sent him to show how he might accomplish 
his desire and do much good to his kindred. For 
this purpose he must rise from his bed and wrestle 
with him. 

Though weak in body he was strong in mind and 
tried with a good courage. When at the point of 
exhaustion his beautiful antagonist said, " It is enough 
for once, — I will come again." 

The celestial visitor returned at the same hour the 
two succeeding days, and the wrestling was repeated 
with increasing intensity. It was at the point of the 
hero's exhaustion on the third day when the beauti- 
ful stranger ceased and declared himself conquered. 

On the following day, which was the seventh day 
of his fasting, Wunzh was to receive food to renew 
his strength and then to wrestle with the stranger for 
the last time. 

" As soon as you have prevailed against me," said 
he, " you will strip off my garments and throw me 
down, clean the earth of roots and weeds, make it 
soft, and bury me in the spot. When you have done 
this, leave my body in the earth, and do not disturb 



APPENDIX. 267 

it, but come occasionally to visit the place, to see 
whether I have come to life, and be careful never to 
let the grass or weeds grow over my grave." He 
then disappeared. 

The next day he returned and his instructions were 
faithfully carried out by Wunzh. Keturning to his 
father's lodge, he never forgot his friend's grave, but 
visited it throughout the spring, weeding out the 
grass, and keeping the ground in a soft and pliant 
state. 

Soon the tops of the green plumes were seen com- 
ing through the ground and grew rapidly. Days 
and Aveeks passed until near the close of the summer. 
One day, after a long absence in hunting, Wunzh took 
his father to the scene of his lonesome fast. The lodge 
had been removed, and the weeds kept from growing 
on the circle where it had stood ; but in its place 
stood a tall and graceful plant, with bright-colored 
silken hair, surmounted with nodding plumes and 
stately leaves, and golden clusters on each side. 
" It is my friend," shouted the lad ; " it is the friend 
of all mankind. It is Mon-Baw-Min. We need no 
longer rely on hunting alone ; for, as long as this 
gift is cherished and taken care of, the ground itself 
will give us a living. . . . Henceforth the people will 
not. alone depend upon the chase or upon the waters." 

So corn came into the world and has ever since 
been preserved. — lb., YoL I., p. 122 ff. 

[Condensed.] 



268 APPENDIX. 

[CAJS-TO YL] 

KWASIND. 

He " was a listless idle boy. He would not play 
when the older boys played, and his parents could 
never get him to do any kind of labor. He was 
always making excuses. His parents took notice, 
however, that he fasted for days together, but they 
could not learn what spirit he supplicated or had 
chosen as the guardian spirit to attend him through 
life. He was so inattentive to his parents' requests, 
that he, at last, became a subject of reproach." 

One day, his mother, having bitterly reproached 
him for his idleness, ordered him to wring out the 
wet fish-net. He took up the net, carefully folded 
it, doubled it again and again, making it into a roll, 
and then wrung it short off as if it had been con- 
structed of the most fragile materiaL 

His parents then saw that the reason of his ap- 
parent idleness was the possession of supernatural 
strength. 

After this he used his great strength in various 
ways. Coming upon one of those h\rge, heavy, black 
pieces of rock which Manabozho is said to have cast 
at his father, he took it up with ease and tossed it 
into the river. When he was travelling with his 
father and they came to a narrow pass where the 
wind had blown a great many trees, thus blocking 
the way, he lifted the largest pine trees and pulled 
them out of the way. 



APPENDIX. 269 

" He performed so many feats of skill that he ex- 
cited the envy of the fairies who conspired against 
his life." They slew him by attacl^^ng him upon the 
crown of the head, the only vulnerable spot in his 
body, with the burr of the white pine, the only wea- 
pon which could be successfully employed for the pur- 
pose.— lb., Yol. II., p. 160ff. 

[CANTO XI.] 

Iagoo. 

This personage, in the mythology of the Chippe- 
was, was unique in the fertility of his powers of ex- 
aggeration. " He scarcely required more than a 
drop of water to construct an ocean, or a grain of 
sand to construct an earth. And he had so happy 
an exemption from both the restraints of judgment 
and moral accountability, that he never found the 
slightest difficulty in accommodating his [alleged] 
facts to the most enlarged credulity." Accordingly, 
when a fisherman tells his fish story, or a hunter or 
warrior embellishes the account of his exploits, he 
encounters the comment, — '' So here we have Iagoo 
come again." — lb., Yol. II., p. 229. 

[CAJSTTO XII.] 

OssEo ; OR, 

The Son of the Evening Star. 
An Algonquin Tale. 

There once lived an Indian in the north who had 
ten daughters, all of whom grew up to w^omanhood. 



270 APPENDIX. 

They were noted for their beauty, but especially 
Oweenee, the youngest, who was very independent 
in her way of thinking. She was a great admirer 
of romantic places, and paid very little attention to 
the numerous young men who came to her father's 
lodge for the purpose of seeing her. Her elder 
sisters were all solicited in marriage from her par- 
ents, and, one after another, went off to dwell in the 
lodges of their husbands, or mothers-in-law, but she 
would listen to no proposals of the hind. 

At last she married an old man called Osseo, who 
was scarcely able to walk, and was too poor to have 
things like others. They jeered and laughed at her 
on all sides, but she seemed to be quite happy, and 
said to them, " It is my choice, and in the end you 
will see who has acted wisest." Soon after, the 
sisters and their husbands and their parents were 
all invited to a feast, and as they walked along the 
path, they could not help pitying their young and 
handsome sister who had such an unsuitable mate. 

Osseo often stopped and gazed upwards, but they 
could perceive nothing in the direction he looked, 
unless it was the faint glimmering of the evening 
star. They heard him muttering to himself as they 
went along, and one of the elder sisters caught the 
words, " Pity me, my father." "Poor old man," 
said she, " he is talking to his father. What a pity 
it is that he would not fall and break his neck, that 
our sister might have a handsome young husband." 

Presently they passed a large hollow log, lying 
with one end toward the path. The moment Osseo, 
who was of the turtle totem, came to it, he stopped 



APPENDIX. 271 

short, uttered a loud and peculiar yell, and then 
dashing into one end of the log, he came out at the 
other, a most beautiful young man, and springing 
back to the road, he led off the party with steps as 
light as the reindeer. Bat on turning back to look 
for his wife, behold, she had been changed into an 
old, decrepit woman, who was bent almost double, 
and walked with a cane. The husband, however, 
treated her very kindly, as she had done him during 
the time of his enchantment, and constantly ad- 
dressed her by the term of " My sweetheart." 

When they came to the hunter's lodge, with whom 
they were to feast, they found the feast ready pre- 
pared, and as soon as their entertainer had finished 
his harangue (in which he told them his feasting 
was in honor of the Evening or Woman's Star) they 
began to partake of the portion dealt out, according 
to ag-e and character, to each one. The food was 
very delicious, and they were all happy but Osseo, 
who looked at his wife, and then gazed upward, as 
if he were looking into the substance of the sky. 
Sounds were soon heard, as if from far-oflF voices in 
the air, and they became plainer and plainer, till he 
coukl clearly distinguish some of the words. 

" My son — my son," said the voice, " I have seen 
your affliction and pity your wants. I come to call 
you away from a scene that is stained with blood 
and tears. The earth is full of sorrows. Giants and 
sorcerers, the enemies of mankind, walk abroad in 
it, and are scattered throughout its length. Every 
night they are lifting their voices to the Power of 
Evil, and every day they make themselves busy in 



272 APPENDIX. 

casting evil in the hunter's path. You have long 
been their victim, but shall be their victim no 
more. The spell you were under is broken. Your 
evil genius is overcome. I have cast him down by 
my superior strength, and it is this strength I now 
exert for your happiness. Ascend, m\' son — ascend 
into the skies, and partake of the feast I have pre- 
pared for you in the stars, and bring with you those 
you love. 

" The food set before you is enchanted and blessed. 
Fear not to partake of it. It is endowed with magic 
power to give immortality to mortals, and to change 
men to spirits. Your bowls and kettles shall be no 
longer of wood and earth. The one shall become 
silver and the other wampum. They shall shine 
like fire and glisten like the most beautiful scarlet. 
Every female shall also change her state and looks, 
and no longer be doomed to laborious tasks. She 
shall put on the beauty of the starlight, and become 
a shining bird of the air, clothed with shining 
feathers. She shall dance and not work — she shall 
sing and not cry. 

" My beams," continued the voice, " shine faintl}^ 
on your lodge, but they have a power to transform 
it into lightness of the skies, and decorate it with 
the colors of the clouds. Come, Osseo my son, and 
dwell no longer on the earth. Think strongly on 
my words, and look steadfastly at my beams. My 
power is now at its height. Doubt not, delay not. 
It is the voice of the Spirit of the Stars that calls 
you away to happiness and celestial rest." 

The w^ords were intelligible to Osseo, but his 



APPENDIX. 273 

companions thought them some far-off sounds of 
music, or birds singing in the woods. Yery soon 
the lodge began to shake and tremble, and they felt 
it rising into the air. It was too late to run out, 
for they were already as high as the tops of the trees. 
Osseo looked around him as the lodge passed through 
the topmost boughs, and behold ! their Avooden 
dishes were changed into shells of a scarlet color, 
the poles of the lodge to glittering wires of silver, 
and the bark that covered them into the gorgeous 
wings of insects. A moment more, and his brothers 
and sisters, and their parents and friends, were trans- 
formed into birds of various plumage. Some were 
jays, some partridges and pigeons, and others gay sing- 
ing birds, who hopped about displaying their giitter- 
inff feathers and sino^ino^ their sono-s. But Oweenee 
still kept her earthly garb, and exhibited all the in- 
dications of extreme age. He again cast his e3^es 
in the direction of the clouds, and uttered that 
peculiar yell which had given him the victory at 
the hollow log. In a moment the youth and beauty 
of his wife returned ; her dingy garments assumed 
the shining appearance of green silk, and her cane 
was changed into a silver feather. The lodge again 
shook and trembled, for they were now passing 
through the uppermost clouds, and they immediately 
after found themselves in the Evening Star, the 
residence of Osseo's father. 

"My son," said the old man, "hang that cage of 

birds, which you have brought along in your hand 

at the door, and I will inform you why you and 

your wife have been sent for." Osseo obeyed th^ 

i8 



2Y4 APPENDIX. 

directions, and then took his seat in the lodge. 
" Pity was shown to you," resumed the king of the 
star, "on account of the contempt of your wife's 
sister, who laughed at her ill-fortune, and ridiculed 
you while you were under the power of that wicked 
spirit, whom you overcame at the log. That spirit 
lives in the next lodge, being a small star you see 
on the left of mine, and he has always felt envious 
of my family, because we had greater power than 
he had, and especially on account of our having had 
the care committed to us of the female world. He 
failed in several attempts to destroy your brothers-in- 
law and sisters-in-law, but succeeded at last in trans- 
forming yourself and your wife into decrepit old 
persons. You must be careful and not let the light 
of his beams fall on you, while you are here, for 
therein is the power of his enchantment ; a ray of 
liofht is the bow and arrows he uses." 

Osseo lived happy and contented in the parental 
lodge, and in due time his wife presented him with 
a son, who grew up rapidly and was the image of 
his father. He was very quick and ready in learn- 
ing everything that was done in his grandfather's 
dominions, but he Avished also to learn the art of 
hunting, for he had heard that this was a favorite 
pursuit below. To gratify him his father made him 
a bow and arrows, and he then let the birds out of 
the cage that he might practise in shooting. He 
soon became expert, and the very first day brought 
down a bird, but when he Avent to pick it up, to his 
amazement, it was a beautiful young woman with 
the arrow sticking in her breast. It was one of his 



APPENDIX. 275 

younger aunts. The moment her blood fell upon 
the surface of that pure and spotless planet the 
charm was dissolved. The boy immediately found 
himself sinking, but was partly upheld by something 
like wings, till he passed through the lower clouds, 
and he then suddenly dropped upon a high, romantic 
island in a large lake. He was pleased, on looking 
up, to see all his aunts and uncles following him in 
the form of birds, and he soon discovered the silver 
lodge, with his father and mother, descending with 
its waving barks looking like so many insects' gilded 
wings. It rested on the highest cliffs of the island, 
and here they fixed their residence. They all as- 
sumed their natural shapes^ but were diminished to 
the size of fairies, and as a mark of homage to the 
King of the Evening Star, they never failed, on 
every pleasant evening, during the summer season, 
to join hands, and dance upon the top of the rocks. 
These rocks were quickly observed by the Indians 
to be covered, in the moonlight evenings, with a 
larger sort of Puk Wudj Ininees, or little men, and 
were called Mish-in-e-mok-in-ok-ong, or turtle spirits, 
and the island is named from them to this day. 
[^ote. Michilimackinac, the term alluded to, is the 
original French orthography of Misn en i mok in 
ONO, the local form (sing, and plu.) of Turtle Spir- 
its.] Their shining lodge can be seen in the sum- 
mer evenings when the moon shines strongly on the 
pinnacles of the rocks, and the fishermen, who go 
near those high cliffs at night, have even heard the 
voices of the happy little dancers. 



276 APPENDIX. 

[CANTO XX.] 
Pauguk. 

Pauguk is the personification of death. He is 
represented as existing without flesh or blood. He 
is a hunter, and besides his bow and arrows, is 
armed wath a . . . war club. But he hunts only 
men, w^omen and children. He is an object of dread 
and horror. To see him is a sure indication of death. 
Some accounts represent his bones as covered by a 
thin transparent skin, and his eye sockets as filled 
with balls of fire. [He] never speaks .... His 
limbs never assume the rotundity of life, neither is 
he to be confounded in form with the numerous 
class of minor Manitoes, or spirits. He does not 
possess the power of metamorphosis. Unvaried in 
repulsiveness, he is ever an object of fear ; and often, 
according to Indian story, has the warrior, flushed 
with the ardor of battle, rushing forward to seize 
the prize of victory, clasped the cold and bony hand 
of Panguk.— lb., Vol. II., p. 240. 

Henry Ketcham 

THE END. 



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